唐賦寒食清明節俗書寫——以「禁火、改火、賜新火」為主的考察

The Writings of the Fu of the Tang Dynasty Concerning the Customs of the Cold Food Festival and the Tomb Sweeping Day-the Study for 'Jin-Huo, Gai-Huo, and Ci-Xin-Huo'

寒食與清明是中國民間色彩濃郁，影響宮廷至深的節日。唐人於此節令之際多舉行遊藝活動，如畫鴨、鬥雞、蹴鞠、盪鞦韆等。至於禁火冷食、改火（鑽燧取火）、賜新火、拜掃等節俗，更廣受重視。節俗是世代生活方式與生活習慣的積澱，是以文人不乏以節俗為題材，反映時代特有之民俗精神。觀鑽燧取得新火乃寒食清明節的主要活動，唐代律賦作家王起〈鑽燧改火賦〉和〈取榆火賦〉即以之為題材，生動地描繪了古人鑽木改火之情景﹔而謝觀〈清明日恩賜百官新火賦〉則反映了唐代賜新火之清明宮廷節俗，內容遠較〈清明日賜百僚新火詩〉更添增了賜新火之藝術形象與文化內涵。改火與賜新火節俗在賦家的書寫下，不僅以異於詩歌之賦體形式，豐富了唐代朝廷之禮儀制度﹔而且開展了當時以及後代民俗文化之藝術活動，影響及文化藝術領域內之創造，具有深層的民俗文化意涵，更體現出唐代科舉律賦之創作價值。唐賦寒食清明節俗書寫，既擴大了辭賦之創作內涵，也豐富了古代之民俗文化，其所呈現之時代審美風貌，實具有不可輕忽的意義與價值。

The Cold Food Festival and the Tomb Sweeping Day are the festivals of having colorful Chinese folk meanings, and, deeply impact on the palace. The citizen in the Tang Dynasty usually held some recreation activities such as painting duck,cockfights, Cu-Ju, and Swing. Besides, other customs such as Jin-Huo (eating cold food without cooking with fire), Gai-Huo [renewing fire, or, Zuan Sui Qu Huo (drilling wood to make fire)], Ci-Xin-Huo (bestowing new fire), and sacrificing and cleansing are more important to be stressed generally. The festival customs are the products accumulated and deposited by generations' lifestyles and usages. Hence, the contents of many scholars' compositions are mainly for the customs of the festivals. Also, it is the subject which reflects the civil soul in the generation. Watching the drilling wood to make new fire is the main activity in the Cold Food Festival and theTomb Sweeping Day. The scholar of the Lu-Fu in the Tang Dynasty, Wang Qi , lively described the scene that how the ancients drill woods to make fire shown by the two compositions, Zuan Sui Gai Huo Fu) and Qu Yu Huo Fu . Furthermore, another scholar's composition, Qing Ming Ri En Ci Bai Guan Xin Huo Fu , written by Xie Guan, reflected bestowing the fires on the officials that the custom of the palace in the Tang Dynasty on the Tomb Sweeping Day. By contrast, the content of the composition, Qing Ming Ri En Ci Bai Guan Xin Huo Fu, is more plentiful than the other one, Qing Ming Ri Ci Bai Liao Xin Huo Shi on artistic imaginations and cultural meanings for bestowing the new fires. The customs of Gai-Huo and Ci-Xin-Huo enrich the institution of etiquette in the Tang Dynasty shown as the Fu, written by the Fu's writers, rather than poets. Moreover, it also extends and increases the artistic activities concerning the folk culture at the time and in the future; and influenced the creation in the area of culture and art. The contents of the Fu's writers for these customs not only have deep meanings on folk cultures, but also show the creative values for the Lu-Fu of the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty. The writings of the Fu in the Tang Dynasty regarding to the customs of the Cold Food Festival and the Tomb Sweeping Day expand and enrich both the meanings of creation of the Ci-Fu and the folk cultures of the ancient times. The features of esthetics in the age, shown by the contents of the Fu in the Tang Dynasty, absolutely create the meanings and values which have been a force to be reckoned with.