愛滋病污名之概念分析

Concept Analysis of the Stigmatization of AIDS

社會大眾對愛滋病毒感染者多持負面評價，多數人們帶著歧視觀點，對感染者施加譴責及排斥行為，由於對愛滋病的無知恐懼，成為愛滋污名化主要導因，致使愛滋病毒感染者難以被社會所接納。污名(stigma)等同於標籤化及恥辱，普遍存在於人類社會的特定團體及特殊疾病之現象，通常是與社會期待標準規範背道而馳時，人們所賦予的負向觀感。本文運用Walker和Avant（1995）所提出之概念分析步驟，針對「愛滋病污名」進行分析歸納，確認此概念定義性特徵分為四種層面：一、認知：人們對愛滋病的刻板負面信念，愛滋病毒感染者將外界投射負面觀感內化成自我覺知。二、情緒：愛滋病污名使感染者感受到社會隔離及排斥，與他人互動易有羞恥、尷尬等負向情緒。三、行為：愛滋病毒感染者因歧視標籤，遭受社會排斥與拒絕，面臨生活不平等對待。四、社會：個體或群體偏離社會規範，導致不受社會認同而孤立，多為弱勢族群。例舉範例說明闡釋，提供實證性資料佐證，期望藉由此概念分析，提供對愛滋病污名有正確深入之認識，進而運用臨床護理實務及研究範疇中。

Society in general is negatively biased toward HIV positive patients; most people discriminate against them and practice condemnation and rejection upon the victims. Ignorance and fear of AIDS are the major causes of stigmatization, making it difficult for HIV positive patients to be accepted by society. Stigma is equal to labeling and shaming, and is a phenomenon often associated with certain groups or diseases in human society. Stigmas occur most commonly in the form of negative responses expressed by the general public when something deviates from institutionalized standards. This study employed the concept analysis procedure proposed by Walker and Avant (1995) to perform analytic induction on the stigmatization of AIDS, and concluded four dimensions to the defining characteristics of this concept: 1)cognition: people hold stereotypical negative beliefs of AIDS, while HIV positive patients internalize external negativity into part of their own self-perception; 2) emotion: the stigmatization of AIDS causes HIV positive patients to feel isolated from and excluded by society, resulting in the manifestation of negative emotions such as shame and awkwardness in their interactions with others; 3) behavior: HIV positive patients face inequalities in everyday life due to discrimination and labeling, social exclusion and rejection; 4) society: individuals or groups that are outside the norm of society become isolated due to inability to receive social recognition, most of which are the socially disadvantaged. Examples were given to facilitate explication, and empirical data were also given as supporting proof. It is hoped that this concept analysis can provide further insight to the stigmatization of AIDS for the reference of clinical practice and future research.