Ideas, Difficulties and Breakthrough ofMaintaining Taiwan Indigenous People’sBiodiversity Knowledge: Take The Accused Cases of “Thieving ForestBy-product” as Example1

維護台灣原住民族生物多樣性知識之理念、困境與突破：以採集活動遭起訴「竊取森林副產物」之個案為例

2005 年2 月，以「保障原住民族基本權利，促進原住民族生存發展，建立共存共榮之族群關係」為目的之原住民族基本法正式生效施行，其中第13 條規定：「政府對原住民族傳統之生物多樣性知識及智慧創作，應予保護，並促進其發展。」就生活於山林之原住民族而言，於傳統領域採集山林產物從事料理食用、藥材醫治以及製作生活用品、雕刻藝品等活動，往往即是傳承生物多樣性知識及展現智慧創作之具體實踐。然而，因採集山林產物遭到司法機關以「竊取森林主副產物」而被起訴、判刑之案例卻也屢見不鮮，成為臺灣原住民族延續傳統生活方式之一大隱憂。臺灣原住民族千年來於山林藉由延續傳統生活方式以實踐生物多樣性知識之價值，已經逐漸獲得共識，本文經由區位分析的角度，呈現原住民保留地與生物多樣性地區的高度重疊，藉以進一步突顯此一價值。為了突顯爾原住民族基本法之宣稱與國家司法間之差異，本文系統化擇取原住民族被起訴「竊取森林副產物罪」並上訴至最高法院之案例進行分析，包括採集箭竹筍案、採集山蘇案、採集藥材案，並提出三項問題：(一)範疇模糊的森林主副產物定義、(二)需要事前申請核准的採集活動、(三)被一套污名符碼重新詮釋的傳統生活，期能藉此呈現事件實況、司法認定、文化衝擊等面向，以及法律宣示與司法實務間之困境，以利未來思索突破之道並作為2013 年原住民專庭成立後運作上之參考。

To protect indigenous people’s fundamental rights, promote their subsistence and development and build inter-ethnic relations based on co-existence and prosperity; “The Indigenous People Basic Law” was implemented in February, 2005. The Article 13 is: “The government shall protect indigenous people’s traditional biological diversity knowledge and intellectual creations, and promote the development thereof.” For those indigenous people who live in the forest, collecting products in the forest and making them for food, medicament, daily supplies and sculptures are usually the solid practice of biological diversity knowledge and intellectual creations. Passing down the biological diversity knowledge with lasting traditional lifestyle in the forest, the precious value Taiwanese indigenous people, has gradually become the consensus. In this article, we analyzed the location and then presented considerable overlaps between Indigenous Reserved Land and the areas of biological diversity in Taiwan to further conform the value. However, since being accused and sentenced of “stealing forest product” have become worries for the practicing of biological diversity knowledge and passing down the intellectual creations by lasting Taiwan indigenous people’s traditional lifestyles, to show the gap between the doctrines of Indigenous Basic Law and the constraints in judicatory implementation, we ystematically chose and analyzed the data collected from the cases of indigenous people’s being accused and sentenced of “stealing forest product” and appealing to Supreme Court. These cases include the collection of Yushania Niitakayamensis, Bird’s-nest fern and materials of medicinal uses. Furthermore, we raised some questions and discussions: (1) The vague definition of categorizing forest products; (2) Why permission is required for the actions of collecting the forest products; and (3) A stigma on the traditional life. We hope to make some contributions by presenting the truth of the events, judicatory identification, culture gap, and the dilemma between law declarations and judicatory implementation and ventually become one of the references of “the special court for indigenous people”, which has been established in Taiwan on January 1st , 2013.