從阿片君子到矯正樣本阿片吸食者、更生院與杜聰明

From Opium gentleman to experimental sample: Opium users and Modern Medicine in Taiwan

在台灣，阿片吸食的演變與近代醫學的發展是彼此緊密關聯的。近代醫學於19世紀中葉引入台灣後，對於阿片以及阿片吸食者產生了什麼樣的影響？又，阿片研究在台灣醫學開始發展的初步階段中，又佔據了何種位置？這是本文主要探討的兩個問題。從林清月醫師到杜聰明博士的阿片研究，我們看到了近代醫學如何將阿片吸食者的形貌，從原初的阿片君子轉變成懦弱無能的阿片成癮患者。此外，我們也看見了近代醫學如何在台灣立基與開展。不同於林清月尊重病人生活型態的門診治療，杜聰明創建了阿片治療專門醫院「更生院」，將吸食者強制隔離。專門醫院，這個近代醫學最重要據點的成立，讓近代醫學在治療矯正大量的阿片吸食者的同時，也能匯集無數珍貴的實驗樣本，生產合法的知識，並確立阿片的負面形貌。而強制隔離措施的實行，伴隨著更生院內種種的教育、醫療措施，讓吸食者在失去其原本的生活型態的同時，也領會了「近代的文明」以及「健康的身體」。在思考台灣的近代化與身體規訓時，阿片與近代醫學會是我們不能忽視的重要線索。

In Taiwan, there was a close link between images of opium and a development of modern medicine, which was introduced to Taiwan from the mid 19th century. Here in this article, key questions I would like to address are: what was the influence of modern medicine on the images of opium and its users? And, on the other hand, how could scientific opium research play an important part at a very beginning of the construction of modern medicine system in Taiwan? Through an analysis of opium research conducted by Dr. Lin Qingyue Du Congming, we see the image of opium user was transformed by modern medicine, from an opium gentleman to a weak and incapable addict. Moreover, departing from the clinic based treatment of Dr. Lin, Dr. Du constructed an opium-addicts treatment specific hospital, Geng Sheng Hospital, and, with support from a Japan colonial government, forced opium users to be hospitalised. The hospital, which is regarded as the most important stronghold of modern medicine, enabled not only the first official mass treatment of opium addicts in Taiwan, but also a series of scientific opium research based on these ’valuable opium samples.’ With the execution of segregation in Geng Sheng Hospital, opium users was deprived of their original lifestyle; simultaneously, they started to learn a new, modern body through everyday practice in the hospital. Opium and its relation with modern medicine will be a significant case in our thinking of the modernisation and body-discipline in Taiwan.