⋘黃庭經⋙與唐代道教修道轉型

Huangting jing and Transformation of Taoist Monasticism in Tang

學界對《黃庭經》的重視由來已久。然而，對於其在唐代的流傳和體用狀況的研究尚且有限。本文通過對唐代道教信徒修道中與《黃庭經》相關內容的考察，梳理出其在唐代地位提升的方式和表現型態。唐代前期承襲南北朝以來道教經教化和宮觀化的發展趨勢，《黃庭經》業已被納入上清派的經典體系之中，然其地位並不高。但以之為修身、長生秘笈的風尚廣泛存在。基於唐前中期道教教內對義理的深入討論，對「成仙」的理解發生了變化。隨著理論成果向修道方法層面的滲透，原本涇渭分明的「長生」與「成仙」的界限開始消弭。契合理論趨勢的相關技法和典籍在此時期往往被其體行者視為達至升仙的通途，《黃庭經》就是典型的一例。其地位由長生方提升為成仙法，轉折主要發生在晚唐。至北宋業已獲得至高地位。變化體現在諸多方面，本文所論包括：晚唐人士對其至上道經地位的認可過程，其在修道活動中所扮演的角色變化，與之相關的成仙、顯聖事件集中、大量出現三個方面，據此指出它在晚唐已通過在修道實踐中與「氣法」的融會，以顯聖事件為代表的神聖性彰顯強化其作為成仙法門的地位。這種源自基層實踐的新發展「自下而上」地影響到了宮觀道教乃至與教理規範以及唐王朝官方的態度，進而完成了《黃庭經》在道教界至上道經地位的確立。

The academy has pained attention to Huangting jing (The Yellow Court Scripture) for a long time, however, the study on its use status in the Tang Period hasn't fully developed. Basing on the deep discussion on theory from the Taoism itself in the early and middle Tang, the understanding about Immortality was changed. In correspondence with influence of the academic achievements, the original distinct margin between ”long life” and ”Immortality” began to disappear. The relevant technology and classical books in accordance with the theoretical tendency was considered as the method to Immortality, Huangting jing was one of the classical examples. The turning point occurred mainly in the late Tang and it gained primary statute in the Northern Song Dynasty. The changes appeared in many aspects, and this article will include the following three: the process of people to recognize the statute of Huangting jing as the highest scripture, the changing of its role in the Taoist practice activities, and the gathering and massive appearance of relevant events of Immortality. And on that basis, in the late Tang, through amalgamation with Method of ”Qi” in the practice of Tao, Huangting jing had enforced its statute as way of immortality by displaying its holiness in the representative of holy events. From the bottom to the top, the new development from the grass roots influenced the Monasticism Taoist and even the criterion of Catechism and official attitude of Tang, and finished establishment of the statute of scripture in the field of Taoism.