作為政治神話的「榜樣」與社會主義新人的塑造:「雷鋒」符號的生產、運作機制與公眾記憶

The 'Example' as a Political Myth and the New Socialist Men Shaping: The Production, Operating Mechanism and Public Memory of Lei Feng

政治神話是人類政治生活的一部分，它能夠建構和維護統治秩序的合法性。政治神話可以是一套意識型態的話語體系，也可以是具象化為特殊個體的「榜樣」。在中國共產黨的政治統治模式下，有一批作為政治神話的「榜樣」被製造出來，這些政治神話在那個特殊的年代擔負著塑造「社會主義新人」的責任，為政黨的各種政治運動凝聚力量和民心。政治神話被製造出來之後，便成為一個政治符號，通過節日、儀式的形式，滲透到人們日常生活中，並形成關於這個符號的社會記憶。公眾則通過對政治神話學習和模仿，將附著在政治神話之上的價值觀內化為自己的行為規範，持久之後便會「改造舊自我」，形成「社會主義新人」的政治人格，維護著政黨的統治秩序。本文以「雷鋒」的塑造為個案，以《人民日報》的報導為分析文本，探討了「雷鋒」作為現代政治神話的生產、傳播以及具體運作技巧，並在「國家與社會」關係變遷的背景下，分析「雷鋒」神話的消解歷程。文章的旨趣在於以「雷鋒」的個案為切入點，探討集權主義時代「官方」與「民間」的互動邏輯，以及兩者權力關係的變遷如何塑造政黨意識型態的新特徵以及影響其所發揮的效用。

Political myth, which can construct and maintain the legitimacy of the ruling order, is a part of the political life of mankind. Political myth can be a set of ideology discourse system, as well as a concrete paragon. In the political domination mode of Chinese Communist Party, a series of political myths have been created. During that special period, these political myths were close responsible for shaping new socialist people, at the same time, they played an important role on political mobilization and gathering strength and popular support for various political movements.Political myth has become a political symbol since it is created. And the social memory of the symbol is produced by various festivals and rites in daily life. The public absorb the values which are attached on the political myths and form their own behavior via learning and imitating those political myths. After a long period of persistence, they will form the political personality of new socialist people by self-transformation, in line with the needs of the political party to maintain its ruling order.The thesis takes the produce of ”Lei Feng” as a case and ”People's Daily” related reports as the analysis texts, discusses the produce, communication and specific operational skills of modern political myth. Meanwhile, the paper also focuses on the fade-away of ”Lei Feng”myth in the background of the changes of relationship between the state and society. Taking ”Lei Feng” myth as an example, the thesis aims to explore the interaction between the official and the folk in totalitarian era, how did the power changes between the two set up new features of party ideology, and influence its effectiveness.