臺商投資區位選擇因素探討:一個交易成本鑲嵌理論的初探

American Studies in Asia-Pacific: International Exchanges in Japan after the WWII

過去以競爭力為理論基礎的投資環境分析，各項因素只是間接地影響廠商的成本，而廠商對投資區位的選擇仍然以成本考量為主，那些因素質直接造成廠商的成本？依照交易成本理論，成本可分為生產成本與交易成本，預期兩者加總最低的地方就是廠商選擇的投資地點。而在大陸投資，廠商常認為「服務好」、「有人介紹」是決定廠址的重要因素，可見得當地的制度之外，在地關係也很重要，因此本文提出一個交易成本與鑲嵌理論的混合架構分析台商在海外投資拾選址的因素。問卷得到的資料顯示，交易成本的因素佔了極重要的比重，而影響交易成本的，廠商普遍認為制度因素並不完善，所以在地鑲嵌也扮演了一定的功能。

During the Cold War era, Japanese America specialists systematically had dialogues with Asian-Pacific specialists. How and why did they do that? And now, why have the exchange declined gradually? Ⅰ believe, basically, there are two ways of exchanging views in American studies in Japan: one is to have domestic dialogue among Japanese scholars; the other is to have international dialogue with specialists from other countries. However, the exchange of views among Japanese scholars becomes more important since it is easy for them to do so. As a result, the Asia-Pacific centered dialogue is declining Since the World War Ⅱ, there has been a great development in American studies in Japan. The only question that Japan’s American specialists keep in mind is: how to understand the United States totally and comprehensively? ”Inter-disciplinarity” has been highly regarded by them. Inter-disciplinarity then had the following two meanings: to have better understand of the United States totally, (1) the research subject should not be limited to the existing academia, but should be expanded without any limit, and (2) researchers should not limit their standpoints to a certain academia, instead, they should relativize their standpoints without any limitation. Based on this observation, the dialogues between Japanese America specialists and Asian-Pacific scholars have the nature of second category. In another word, having compared American studies in Japan with that in Asia-Pacific region, Japanese America specialists wanted to find out the advantages and disadvantages, the potentiality and limitation for them to do American Studies in Japan. I believe that, then, Japanese America specialists tend to understand their potentiality and limitation mainly by exchanging views among themselves. They came to believe that they could realize the advantages and disadvantages of doing American Studies in Japan by improving the research system in Japan and increasing exchanges of views among themselves. Therefore, the international exchanges between Japanese America specialists and Asian-Pacific scholars have eventually declined.