老舍與朴泰遠世態小說的都市認識比較以⋘四世同堂⋙與⋘川邊風景⋙為主

A Comparative Study on Viewpoints of Urbiculture in Riverside Scenes by Park Taewon and Four Generation under one Roof by Lao She

老舍的《四世同堂》與朴泰遠的《川邊風景》都是以首都為背景的中韓兩國代表性的長篇小說之一。一九三○、四○代的首爾與北京都處在由殖民經濟與異民族侵略造成的一種轉型期局面。兩個作者以紀實性手法描寫了當時首都老百姓生活狀態上的變化和危機。這兩部小說根據它們體裁上的特點在中韓兩國向來被稱為「世態小說」或「人情小說」了。尤其，朴泰遠的《川邊風景》圍繞著所謂「世態小說」如何反映現實的問題，發表以後就引發了激烈的爭論。雖然《川邊風景》與《四世同堂》共同描寫了首都老百姓的生活風俗，但是兩個作者的書寫方式有所不同。這不但由於兩個作者對敘述「世態」的創作思想不同，而且作為描寫對象的城市文化性質也不同，還有因為在兩國文學史上的長篇小說現代化的具體路程各有不同。朴泰遠對老百姓生活面貌的冷靜描寫之中，暗暗地揭露含帶著當時首爾都市文化的矛盾性質。他通過現代主義的作法來把「清溪川邊」居民的痛苦好像在陳列似的詳細描繪了。老舍卻是按照現實主義作法來挖掘北京「胡同」居民的痛苦與其病因。在四○年代「五四」的啟蒙思想依然影響到他的創作，他小說的主題自然會比朴泰遠的更為明顯。但是另一方面，兩個人作為一個都市的老居民對其文化共同具有纏綿不離的情感。這種心態在作者與描寫對象之間形成了一種特殊的關係。他們以淵博的城市知識來記載了極為豊富的文化現象。這是因為他們對風俗和語言在長篇小說當中的作用也特別關心。本文探討了為何這兩部小說屬於世態小說，而現代「世態小說」保留著什麼樣的文化價值，以及兩個作者對城市文化的情感如何表達。最後，本文對比勾勒在兩個作品的城市文化之下，進一步分析了作者們對城市文化的批判視覺現象。

Four Generation under one roof by Lao She and Riverside Scenes by Park Taewon are representative novels with setting of capital city of China and Korea. Beijing and Seoul, both were in transition stage which had been brought on colonial economy and the invasion of an alien race. Park and Lao realistically recorded the life of common people which showed social changes and crises. So both novels were called as the novel of social conditions or the novel of the popular mind. Especially Riverside Scenes provoked sever disputes over how the novel of social conditions reflects reality, right after published. Both novels described popular custom of life but the way of narration of each novel is different. It was originated from the difference of concept on 'social conditions', the difference of cultural property of city and each unique factor which was related with the process of modernization of novel. Calmly describing popular life, Park secretly revealed contradiction of city life in Seoul. He described pains of people who lived along ”Cheonggyecheon” riverside in detail using method of modernism. On the other hand, counting on realism, Lao She searched for pains and evils of residents of Hutong(胡同) in Beijing. Because May Fourth spirit of enlightenment which were as strong as ever in 1940's still had a influence on his writing, so his subject was more vividly expressed than Park's. The second, Park and Lao as natives had special feelings on the city culture. These feelings made special relation between writer and object. Due to wide knowledge, they could put the various cultural state into their works. Their intensive concerns in roles of popular custom and language in novels also made them do the same thing. This articles is to try to answer some questions about the modern novel of social condition, for example could these two novels be taken as the novel of social condition, what kinds of values does the modern novel of social condition have, and how did these two novelist express feeling about the culture of modern city. In addition, I researched their critical view on the culture of city with comparing these two novels.