從資訊處理典範到體會之知:專家研究典範的變遷

From Information Processing Paradigm to Embodied Cognition: Paradigm Shift in Expertise Research

本文敘述專家研究從資訊處理典範轉移至體會之知的心路歷程。最初研究專家生手時，我們主要延襲第一代認知科學傳統，焦點在專家內在表徵的品質。但是在研究歷程中逐漸發現，資訊處理取徑由於其對於人和知識之預設，並無法掌握經驗生動活潑的面貌。於是研究逐漸轉向體會之知之取徑，研究焦點點轉向專家與情境互動時身、心、情境融合之境界。

The present paper attempts to describe the routes we have traversed, the insights we have garnered, and the change of perspectives which have emerged during our decade-long study of expertise in information work with special attention to journalism. At the initial stage of the project we mainly, drew upon the information processing perspective, which focused upon the correspondence between mental representation and the outside world. Experts are distinguished from novices in terms of the quality of their representation. However, in the course of time we have gradually found the information processing approach dissatisf5iing. This led us to rethink the assumptions underlying the information processing approach, which we contend, may fail to capture the fluidity and flexibility of expertise. We have gradually come to the realization an epistemological re-evaluation, which takes into consideration of the embodied and distributed aspects of social interaction and knowledge may be needed to more fully account for the nature of expertise. At the same time our study of expertise has shifted attention to the experts interaction with contexts rather than representation alone.