婚姻對女性族群認同的影響以臺灣閩客通婚為例

The Impacts on Women's Ethnic Identity: Intermarriages between Hokkien and Hakka People in Taiwan

依據族群情境論的觀點，族群認同會隨情境而改變，同時造成族群邊界的移動。本文主要的目的，在探討台灣女性在閩客通婚以後，女性會在不同情境改變族群認同的過程。此可能涉及到閩客族群之間在社會上的微妙關係，以及女性在家庭和傳統規範中所應扮演的角色。除了分析婚姻對女性的文化適應、族群認同的影響，也將討論她們對下一代的族群認同以及語言教育的觀感。本研究針對12位閩客通婚的婦女（閩嫁客，客嫁閩各6位）進行半結構式的訪談，藉由她們的生命敘事來探索婚前與婚後的族群認同以及適應，並且藉由他們的思惟理念來分析她們對子女未來的族群認同與方言教育。研究結果發現：受訪者皆以血緣命定為基礎來認定自我的族群認同，但是通婚卻可能成為受訪者多重認同的依據，或成為受訪者不同的情境下改變族群認同表達的可能。此外，受訪者普遍受到閩客交融的文化影響，特別是女性在家庭的生活適應上要做較多的犧牲，以順從夫家，而閩客族群在文化影響層面上不同，族群邊界移動的方式也有差異，特別與傳統客家族群的負面刻板印象或現今社會結構的閩客族群情勢有關。最後，受訪者普遍認為子女的族群認同應該從父認定，至於方言教育則以市場取向為主，閩語比客語重要，然而方言皆不及英語重要。所以，通婚對女性的族群認同的確會因為不同情境而考量不同因素，進而有不同或多面的影響。

According to the view of circumstantialism, ethnic identity will be changed with situations and caused the shift of ethnic boundary at the same time. So the main purpose of this essay is to analyze the shifting process of ethnic identity for the women who intermarried with Hokkien or Hakka people. This issue might involve the relationship of ethnic groups between Hokkien and Hakka people in Taiwan and the roles that women should act in the family under traditional norms. The concept of ethnic identity includes ethnic acknowledgement of themselves and their children, acculturation in the course of life and the dialect education of children and so on. This research chooses 12 women, 6 of Hakka people married with Hokkien people and 6 of the Hokkien people married with the Hakka people, to be interviewees through their stories about the ethnic groups of Hokkien/Hakka in their life before and after the marriage. The result of this study is: the ethnic self-identity of interviewees comes from determined blood relationship, but will be changed in different situations. Intermarriages will be the foundation of multiple identity. Then, interviewees are acculturated with different ethnic culture, especially the women must be adapted to the husband's family. The aspects of acculturation are different between the Hakka women and the Hokkien women, depend on the Hakka dialect, the stereotypes of Hakka people and the imbalance power relations of ethnic groups in the society. Moreover, interviewees generally undoubtedly assert that children’s ethnic identity should depend on heritage from father, dialect education relying mainly on the orientation of market, and the Hokkien dialect is more important than the Hakka dialect, but both dialects are not so important as English. Intermarriages will definitely have different and multiple impacts on women's ethnic identity in different situations.