文教與社會力:敬字亭與客家社會意象的建構

Culture and Society: Jing-Zi Ting (敬字亭) and the Constructions of Social Image of Hakka

在客家社會中我們時常聽到類似客家人重視教育以及晴耕雨讀等特質的言說，這種意象的強調也反映在敬字亭與客家社會特殊的文化脈絡中。當代客家論述中，有關敬字亭的記憶似乎被聯繫到特定的普遍化脈絡中，形成客家社會特有的文化表徵，並相對地有意忽略其他族群同樣存有的記憶。本文透過彰顯客家社群意象之一的敬字亭及其相關信仰文化為例，分別由惜字現象所涉及的國家控制、文字教化與社會統合等角度，探討敬字亭所代表的文化基模(culture schema)的底層意涵，並從集體記憶與空間場域兩個面向切入，解析當代客家意識的建構。根據本文研究發現，敬字亭作為一種集體記憶與文化符號，從傳統到當代似乎呈現以下之趨向：（一）「惜字崇文」的象徵意義被保留，並轉介為對知識教育的講求。（二）地方社會交織互構與自我超克的記憶落實為社區振興與在地情感的凝聚。（三）同時有關文教與社會力的記憶被聯繫到客家文化特有脈絡中，並進一步透過惜字祭典與相關展演論述的不斷操作，在當代客家族群文化重振運動的現實情境下，「敬字亭」作為高揭文教與社會力的指標，成為體現當代客家社會意象，實踐客家族群主體性的建構媒介。本文研究旨趣在嘗試透過敬字亭此一傳統符號與客家社會的關係為例，理解當代客家社會建構的某些線索。

In Hakka society we always get the impression that the Hakka people are inclined to emphasis the aspect of their education in order to differentiate themselves from others. But in what context is this discourse put forward. This paper deals with the formation of the culture schema of Hakka society by focusing on the jing-zi ting(敬字亭) and related cultural phenomenon. The paper will also take the so-called collective memory approach to explain the continuity and transformation of the culture schema of Hakka society in the modem construction of Hakka ethnicity. This paper argues that jing-zi ting(敬字亭)as a cultural symbol, there seems to exist the following intellectual trend from ancient to modem times in the Hakka society: 1、the memory of cultural tradition is represented and transformed into the modem announcement of knowledge, 2、the memory of social interactive integration has been practiced to develop the community sentiment and ethnic cohesion. At the same time, by the continual operations of the culture schema, jing-zi ting(敬字亭) as a signature of knowledge and community has become a medium by which the Hakka society may present their social representation and achieve their ethnic subjectivity. The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of modem Hakka social constructions through the case study of the involvement between jing-zi ting(敬字亭) and Hakka society.