唇音異化與重疊構詞的互動：論臺灣閩南語kui5 saŋ1 saŋ1、put7 tat7 put7 tshit7和put7 tian1 put7 kai5的本字

The Interaction between Bilabial Dissimilation and Reduplication: The Etymologies of kui5 saŋ1 saŋ1, put7 tat7 put7 tshit7, and put7 tian1 put7 kai5 in Taiwanese Southern Min

異化（dissimilation）是探討語音演變的重要面向，其中唇音異化（bilabial dissimilation）在漢語史上常發揮作用。所謂異化是指兩個語音成分由原本相似，隨著時間遷移變得更為不相似的一種變化，與同化作用相反。重疊是語言中常見的構詞手段，以單音節語言而言，重疊方式包括［AA］、［ABB］、 ［AAB］、［AABB］、［ABAC］等。本文的具體內容是根據唇音異化的觀點，考證三個現代臺灣閩南語口語中以構詞方式構造出來的語詞。它們分別是：

一、kui5 sɔm1sɔm1/kui5 sam1 sam1/kui3 saŋ1 saŋ1，表示物品昂貴。本文認為疊字的sɔm1/sam1/saŋ1，本字當為「森」sɔm1。

二、put7 tap7 put7 tshit7，表示不三不四、不像樣。通常寫為「不答不七」，本字當為「不八不七」put7 pat7 put7 tshit7。

三、put7 tian1 put7 kai5，表示行為上不正經、不像樣、不倫不類。本字當作「不邊不界」put7 pian1 put7 kai5。

可以留意到，以上三個口語詞都與重疊構詞有關，包括[ABB]和[ABAC]這兩種形式。本文指出，「森」sɔm1的唇音異化發生於音節內部；至於「不八不七」put7 pat7 put7 tshit7跟「不邊不界」put7 pian1 put7 kai5則肇因於語串中出現三個雙唇不帶音塞音聲母字，第二音節因而異化為非雙唇音聲母。從本文的討論可知，唇音異化不僅在音節內部發揮作用，也會跨越音節地在四音節語詞中產生。唯有認識到這項音變在這些閩南語口語詞中所發揮的效應，才能夠引領我們找到音準義合的本字，從而正確地解析這些口語詞的結構及語義。

 

"When examining phonetic evolution in historical linguistics, assimilation and dissimilation are two crucial concepts. This paper focuses on dissimilation, particularly “bilabial dissimilation”. The sound change known as “dissimilation” occurs when two similar sounds in a word become less alike over time. Reduplication is a common word -formation process in many languages. In monosyllabic languages, reduplication forms include patterns such as [AA], [ABB], [AAB], [AABB], [ABAC], and others. This study investigates three vernacular expressions in modern Taiwanese Southern Min that were formed through reduplication, analyzed from the perspective of labial dissimilation. The three examples are as follows:

1. kui5 sɔm1sɔm1/kui5 sam1 sam1/kui3 saŋ1 saŋ1, meaning “expensive”. It is proposed that sɔm1/sam1/saŋ1 derives from the morpheme “森” .

2. put7 tap7 put7 tshit7, meaning “not good” or “not presentable”. Commonly written as “不答不七”, its etymology is argued to be “不八不七” (put7 pat7 put7 tshit7).

3. put7 tian1 put7 kai5, meaning “improper, unbecoming, and inappropriate behavior”. Its etymology should be “不邊不界” (put7 pian1 put7 kai5).

All three vernacular words involve reduplicative, specifically the [ABB] and [ABAC] patterns. This paper argues that in “森” (sɔm1), labial dissimilation occurs within the syllable, whereas in “不八不七” and “不邊不界,” the dissimilation is triggered by the presence of three consecutive syllables beginning with bilabial voiceless stops, causing the second syllable to change to a non-bilabial initial consonant. The discussion reveals that labial dissimilation n functions both intra-syllabically and inter-syllabically in quadrisyllabic formations. Recognizing the effects of this phonological process in Taiwanese Southern Min vernacular enables us to identify the etymologically accurate characters that align in both pronunciation and meaning, thereby allowing for a more precise analysis of the structural and semantic features of these expressions.