隨著全球高齡化的快速發展，台灣亦不例外。老年人口的增加伴隨著感染性疾病造成的共病症與死亡率上升，成為重要的公共衛生挑戰。本篇文章聚焦於帶狀疱疹疫苗、呼吸道融合病毒疫苗、肺炎鏈球菌疫苗、新冠疫苗及流感疫苗的最新研究進展與各國相關指引，旨在為台灣高齡族群尋找最適合的疫苗接種策略。隨著年齡的增長，老年人逐漸面臨免疫系統功能下降的問題，這種現象稱為免疫老化(immunosenescence) 。其特點包括細胞免疫功能減弱、抗體生成能力降低，以及疫苗效果減退。免疫老化顯著提高了老年人對感染性疾病（如流感、帶狀疱疹、肺炎鏈球菌感染）的易感性，同時也增加了感染後併發症及死亡的風險。疫苗接種是預防感染性疾病的有效手段，透過激發免疫系統產生特異性抗體，不僅能降低感染風險，亦可減輕疾病的嚴重程度。針對老年人群的疫苗通常經過劑量調整或加入佐劑（如高劑量流感疫苗或非活性帶狀疱疹疫苗），以增強免疫反應。大量研究顯示，疫苗接種不僅能有效減少感染性疾病的發生，還能顯著降低老年人的住院率及死亡率，是延緩健康衰退的關鍵策略。

As Taiwan has become super-aged since 2025, the increasing elderly population is expected to drive a surge in comorbidities and mortality linked to infectious diseases, presenting significant public health challenges. This article examines the latest advancements in research and international guidelines concerning vaccines for herpes zoster, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pneumococcal disease, COVID-19, and influenza, aiming to propose optimal vaccination strategies tailored to Taiwan’s aging demographic. Older adults experience a gradual decline in immune system functionality, a process known as immunosenescence and characterized by weakened cellular immunity, diminished antibody production, and reduced vaccine efficacy. Immunosenescence substantially increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases such as influenza, herpes zoster, and pneumococcal infections, while simultaneously elevating the risk of complications and mortality. Vaccination remains a pivotal preventive measure, stimulating the immune system to produce specific antibodies, thereby mitigating infection risk and disease severity. Vaccines developed specifically for the elderly often involve modifying or adding adjuvants (e.g., high-dose influenza vaccines or recombinant herpes zoster vaccines) to enhance immune responses. Extensive studies demonstrate that vaccination not only effectively reduces the incidence of infectious diseases but also significantly lowers hospitalization and mortality rates among older adults, making it essential for mitigating health decline and promoting healthy aging.