法律如何回應科技發展的挑戰──基於美國最高法院憲法第四修正案判例的研究

How Law Responds to the Challenges of Technological Developments: A Study Based on the U.S. Supreme Court Precedents on the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

美國憲法第四修正案自1791年被批准生效後，至今未曾修改補充，仍然是美國政府官員（特別是警察）在實施搜查、扣押時必須遵循的基本規範。雖然經歷了電話竊聽、熱成像儀、手機搜查、手機定位信息等各種新技術、新產品能否適用第四修正案的挑戰與爭論，在梳理最高法院歷代大法官的各種解釋方法、裁判進路基礎上，可以總結出提煉制度原理、重構利益平衡和探索理論創新的三種宏觀思路，也能夠發現原旨主義與活的憲法理論的爭議、類推方法的運用、裁判文書的異議意見傳統等，在法律回應科技發展挑戰時所起到的作用。這些，對於數字經濟時代的法治發展和法學研究，是有一定啟示的。

Since its approval and implementation in 1791, the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has never been revised or supplemented and remains a fundamental norm that government officials (especially the police) must follow when conducting searches and seizures. Despite challenges and controversies regarding the applicability of the Fourth Amendment to various new technologies and products, such as telephone wiretapping, thermal imaging, mobile phone searches, and mobile phone location information, through sorting out the various interpretation methods and adjudication approaches of Supreme Court justices over the years, three macro-level ideas can be summarized: extracting legal system principles, reconstructing the balance of interests, and exploring theoretical innovations. It can also be found that the controversy between originalism and the theory of a living constitution, the use of analogical reasoning, and the tradition of dissenting opinions in judicial documents all play a role in the legal response to the challenges of technological development. These insights are undoubtedly enlightening for the development of the rule of law and legal research in the digital economy era.