【預刊】（37卷）戰爭、國族與民主：帝國衝突下的英國觀念論公民論述之轉變

War, Nations, and Democracy: Changes in the Civic Discourses of British Idealists in the Face of Imperial Conflict

本研究主要是藉分析19、20世紀積極參與公共論辯的英國觀念論者之公民論述，以期指陳如下主張。首先，相對於現有研究主張，英國觀念論者的公民論述實非一陳不變，尤其自1890年代至第一次世界大戰之際，英國觀念論者為對抗德國擴張，轉變了其公民論述之方向，而呈現多元分歧之貌。其次，在此轉變過程中，透過英國觀念論公民論述之變化所呈現的，乃是民主作為普世道德理念的複雜敘事。此即，民主非僅關乎各國內部如何以其為普遍原則所展開的文明政治發展歷程，而亦與19世紀以降大英帝國的統治策略，以及現代歐洲帝國之間的衝突等事件，緊密相連。

This paper analyses the civic discourses of British Idealists who were actively involved in public debates during the 19th and 20th centuries, with a view to making the following two propositions. Firstly, in contrast to what is presented in the current study, the civic discourses of British Idealists were not unified and unvarying, especially from the 1890s to the First World War British Idealists changed the direction of their discourses to counteract the German expansion. Secondly, the transformation of British Idealist civic discourses also manifests the complexity of the narratives of democracy as a universal moral idea. That is, democracy is not only about a civil politics development within countries around the world in accordance with it as a universal principle, but it is also closely related to the ruling strategies of the British Empire from the 19th century onwards, as well as conflicts between the modern European empires.