增補麩醯胺酸對運動員腸道健康及免疫功能之影響

Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on the Gut Health and Immune Function of Athletes

背景：腸道黏膜為黏膜免疫系統的第一道防線，由腸道上皮細胞的緊密連接，形成腸黏膜障壁，可防止病原體之入侵。在高強度運動過程中，血流優先分配至活動肌肉與心肺系統中，此時分配至腸胃的血流減少，會影響腸道黏膜上皮細胞之完整性。菁英運動員所累積的生理和心理壓力也會促使腸道通透性增加，進而影響腸道黏膜之免疫功能，增加發炎反應，使運動員在運動前或運動時常出現腸胃不適，這現象不利於運動之表現與恢復。結語：本文將探討藉由麩醯胺酸之增補，針對運動造成的腸胃道損傷，提供較佳且較快恢復的策略。增補麩醯胺酸已被證明能改變腸道菌叢、提升免疫功能及降低感染機率，無論是長期增補（14至30天）或單次增補0.1至0.15克／每公斤自體重，或於從事運動前持續增補每日0.07至0.1克／每公斤自體重之麩醯胺酸，對運動員之腸道及免疫功能、運動表現、運動後恢復都有正向之影響。另外，增補麩醯胺酸亦有助於降低運動員於熱環境運動時造成之腸道損傷。然而，增補之劑量與持續時間仍須考量運動員之年齡、健康狀態、吸收能力或運動類型等因素。未來研究可針對增補麩醯胺酸對運動後腸胃道功能之影響及相關機轉進行探討，提供科學數據作為運動員選擇增補劑之參考。

Background: The intestinal mucosa is the first-line defense of the mucosal immune system. The tight junction of intestinal epithelial cells forms the intestinal mucosal barrier, which prevents the invasion of pathogens. The blood is preferentially distrib-uted to active muscles and the cardiopulmonary system during high-intensity exercise. At this time, the blood flow distributed to the gut is reduced, which affects the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cells. To elite athletes, the accumulated physical and psy-chological stresses increase gastrointestinal permeability, affecting intestinal mucosal immunity and increasing inflammation to cause athletes to often experience gastrointestinal discomfort before or during exercise. That is detrimental to athletes’perfor-mance and recovery. Summary: In this review, we discussed the strategies via glutamine supplementation for better and faster recovery of athletes from gastrointestinal damage caused by exercise. Glutamine supplementation is beneficial in changing gut microbiota composition and immune function and reducing the risk of infections. Moreover, long-term supplementation (14 to 30 days), a single dose of 0.1 to 0.15 g/kg, or continuous supplementation of 0.07 to 0.1 g/kg per day before the start of the exercise had positive effects on athletes’intestinal and immune functions, sports performance and post-exercise recovery. In addition, glutamine supplementation reduced the gastrointestinal damage caused by exercise and heat stress in a hot environment. However, the dosage and duration of supplementation should consider factors including the age, health status, absorption capacity of athletes, and the type of exercise. Future studies could explore the effects of glutamine supplementation on gastrointestinal functions after exercise and relevant mechanisms to provide more scientific data for athletes to choose their supplements.