廟學與風教：明代鄉賢祠祀的思想文化史考察

Confucian Temple-School and Education: A Study of the Intellectual History of the Shrines to Local Worthies in the Ming Dynasty

本文主要透過明代知識精英對鄉賢祠祀義理及其實踐的相關論說，包括不祀非族、府縣兼祀、公舉與公論、入祠與入志等面向，探討明代鄉賢祠祀文化中具有的公共性（publicity）與地方性（locality），以由此觀察明代社會與國家、思想與制度互動關係之隱微。首先，明代普設學校並藉由廟學祠祀、地方學官與廟學生員參與請祀公舉，構成正俗弼教制度的一環，有裨於擴大基層教化、強化地方認同，也發揮了明朝國家權力對思想文化的廣大影響。其次，明代廟學鄉賢祠祀要求的「公舉」、「公論」與「久而論定」原則，可視為一種由鄰保坊老、廟學生員、州縣學官連名舉薦所代表的「公共權威」。而此「公共權威」，最後裁定者是負責監督府州縣儒學的提學官，因此鄉賢祠祀中展現的「國家權力」，主要在地方而不在中央。此外，明代鄉賢之舉薦，除了取之鄉評公論外，還需要搜羅考校地方志所載的人物行實，參與地方志書纂修成為廟學師生與地方官的重要任務；正德、嘉靖以後，一統志與府縣志書的纂修活動，加速促進了地方傳記的生產，豐富了方志人物傳的體例和內容。凡此可見，學校制度與基層社會環環相扣，構建了廟學與風教緊密相連的文化圖景。

This study analyzes the discourse surrounding Shrines to Local Worthies during the Ming dynasty. It explores topics such as nationality restrictions and the XiangXian referral system. Through this discussion, we aim to understand how Confucian Temple-Schools were promoted during the Ming dynasty and gain a deeper understanding of the role they played in local society. First, we analyze how Confucian Temple-Schools gained public authority through the recommendation of XiangXian GongJu, rather than relying on strict state control. Second, we explore how the students and teachers of these schools contributed to local gazetteers and collected biographies of notable individuals under the guidance of superintendent regulation. Finally, we investigate how these Shrines to Local Worthies served as sacred spaces that not only expanded the influence of Confucian ideology but also fostered stronger connections with local communities in Ming China.