未授權支付交易風險與優勢風險承擔原則──以信用卡為例

The Loss Allocation for Unauthorized Credit Card Transaction and Superior Risk Bearer

支付所面臨可能風險中，未授權交易之責任分配因涉及消費者個人財務負擔，直接影響消費者權益與支付選擇。本文首先介紹損失分散、損失抑制與損失責任實現原則，進一步辨識付款制度中預防、承受或移轉風險損失之因素，並評估各因素間相互重要性，提出以優勢風險承擔原則為基礎之責任歸屬規定，並肯定自負額形式之消費者限額責任制度為有效之規範模式。
本文繼之以信用卡未授權交易為例，自實體交易冒用之限額責任出發，針對一般冒用交易、無實體交易、詐騙與冒用交易，冒用綁定行動裝置等未授權交易類型，於我國定型化契約範本相關規定下，兼採優勢風險承擔原則，提出本文就上開交易風險於金融機構與消費者間損失分配之分析與建議。

Since the allocation of responsibility for unauthorized transactions directly affects consumers’ wealth and their payment choices, how to adequately regulate the unauthorized transaction risk is no doubt one of the most important issues in payment law. This paper begins by introducing the principles of loss spreading, loss reduction, and loss imposition. It further identifies factors in payment systems for preventing, bearing, or transferring losses and evaluates the mutual importance of these factors. Based on the principle of superior risk bearer, this paper proposes responsibility attribution provisions and affirms the effectiveness of a consumer capped liability mechanism as a normative model.
This paper then focuses on unauthorized credit card transactions as an example and begins with the capped liability for card-present transaction fraud. It addresses various types of unauthorized transactions, including card-present transaction fraud, card-not-present fraud, fraud and impersonation, and unauthorized transactions through mobile device binding. By considering the standardized contract templates in Taiwan and adopting the principle of superior risk bearer, this paper analyzes and proposes recommendations regarding the allocation of losses arising from credit card transaction risks between financial institutions and consumers.