薩維尼物權契約學說中的歷史與體系——以其羅馬法淵源為中心

History and System in Savigny’s Doctrine of Conveyance Contract: Focusing on Its Origins in Roman Law

薩維尼的物權契約學說，對德國民法與我國民法有深遠影響。本文嘗試由歷史與體系兩個面向，分析薩維尼建構該學說的方法。關於物權契約概念的建構，薩維尼對羅馬法的交付合法原因學說進行了改造，認為交付（traditio）是一種契約。此一見解承繼了16世紀Donellus強調的「讓與所有權意思」，藉由債物二分的法律關係分類方式獲得理論基礎，並基於內在體系觀點而取得法源地位。關於物權契約的無因性，薩維尼承繼了13世紀註釋法學家Accursius以來的通說，以主觀的理解方式解釋羅馬法上著名的尤里安─烏爾比安爭議，反駁現代法院實用學派的「取得名義與方式」學說。另一方面，薩維尼進一步於體系層面，將所有權讓與銜接於羅馬法的錯誤與不當得利學說，完整開展了羅馬法源中蘊含的原則。在晚近歐洲民法整合過程中，所有權讓與的規範模式再受關注，而無因性原則的未來也仍是關鍵議題。

Savigny’s doctrine of conveyance contract influenced German and Taiwanese Civil Code fundamentally. This article attemps to analyse his doctrine from historical and systematic perspectives. Concerning the construction of conveyance contract, Savigny transformed the iusta causa traditionis of Roman law and regarded traditio as a contract. This proposition specifically developed the emphasis of the will to transfer ownership by the French jurist Donellus in the 16th century, and was endowed with theoretical foundation through distinction of legal relations in rem and in personam. It was further regarded as a valid legal rule on account of the theory of “internal system”. With regard to the abstraction of conveyance contract, Savigny inherited the common opinion since Accursius, Glossator of 13th century, which interpreted the famous antinomy between Iulianus and Ulpianus in Roman Law in a subjective manner, and refuted the “tiulus und modus acquirendi” doctrine of Usus modernus. Furthermore, Savigny established the connection between transfer of ownership and Roman legal doctrines of mistake and condictio on a systematic level, thereby fully revealed the implied principles of Roman law sources. In recent attempts of integrating European civil law, regulation of transfer of ownership has attracted more attention, and the future of abstraction of ownership transfer contract remains a key issue.