HIV 感染者性權利與共同責任之法制：酷兒法學之取徑

Sexual Rights of People Living with HIV and Shared Responsibility in Law: A Queer Legal Approach

酷兒法學使酷兒的立場帶進法律之中，解構法律中僵化的認同分類與邊界，並試圖創建新的秩序令性少數存活。本論文以酷兒法學為方法與立場，重新審視我國法規範與政策對HIV感染者之箝制。首先，感染者權益倡議者雖以Ｕ＝Ｕ為論述來抵禦歧視與污名，認為不具傳染力之感染者得回歸社群、重拾性能動；然而我認為Ｕ＝Ｕ依然創造新的混亂結構，感染者依然不脫離僵化的身分認同。因此，以性權利為基礎的防治政策與規範，著重在感染者的性愉悅，而非單方霸權式地套上既定常規。如此國家不應以高權姿態介入感染者的性生活，而應將條例第21條刪除；傳染或暴露HIV應屬民事侵權案件。再參美國與德國就此案件之民事判決，無論被告是否已知自己為感染者，都有事前揭露之注意義務；縱然被告已無傳染力，也仍應尊重原告之性權利。相對地，原告或非感染者也不過是潛在的感染者，除具有揭露義務外，也應事前詢問對方感染狀態以盡對己義務，否則得論與有過失。諸此，共同責任建置在國家與人民、個人與個人之間：政府應以性權利為防治政策之基礎，提供全面性教育與保障性資訊的可近性、流通性，以消弭感染者與非感染者間的資訊不平等；在個人之間，無論是否為感染者，都應事前揭露與詢問以理知風險，協商並作出彼此均能接受之決策。

Queer jurisprudence makes law ‘queer’ to deconstruct rigid identity category in law and aim to create new standard for sexual minority’s survival. In the stance of Queer jurisprudence, this thesis investigates the restraint of people living with HIV by our country’s law and policies. First, advocates use U=U to resist discrimination and stigma and believe that non-infectious HIV/AIDS should return to the community and regain sexual agency. However, I think U=U still creates a new confiationary. Infected people still do not break away from the rigid identity. Therefore, policies and law based on sexual rights must focus on the sexual pleasure of infected persons, rather than one-sided hegemonic imposition of established norms. In this way, the state should not authoritatively intervene in the sexual life of infected persons but should delete Article 21; HIV infection or exposure should be a civil tort case. Referring again to the civil judgments in this case in the United States and Germany, regardless of whether the defendant knew that he was an infected person, he had the duty of care to disclose in advance; even if the defendant was non-infectious, the plaintiff’s sexual rights should still be respected. In contrast, the plaintiff or the non-infected person is only a potential infected person. In addition to having the duty to disclose, he should also ask the other partner’s infection status in advance, otherwise it will be regarded as negligent. Above all, the establishment of shared responsibility lies between the state and the people, between individuals and individuals: the government should take sexual rights as the basis of prevention and treatment policies, provide comprehensive sexual education and ensure the accessibility and circulation of sexual information, so as to eliminate the information asymmetry between the infected and non-infected; on the other hand, regardless of whether they are infected or not, they should disclose and inquire in advance to understand the risks, negotiate and make mutually acceptable decisions.