論行政訴訟中一般確認訴訟之適用類型

A Study on the Cases of General Action for a Declaratory Judgment in Administrative Court Procedure

行政訴訟之一般確認訴訟（allgemeine Feststellungsklage），係指確認公法上法律關係存在或不存在之訴（行政訴訟法第6條第1項參照）。於我國法中，有關一般確認訴訟之應用，向來鮮為實務與學說所關注。然而，爬梳德國法相關文獻後可發現，一般確認訴訟能夠處理之案件其實相當豐富，遠超乎一般人之既定印象。因此，本文即選擇「行政訴訟中一般確認訴訟之適用類型」為研究主題，以德國法制為借鏡，針對一般確認訴訟於實務上之應用，進行全面之整理與介紹。
為了形成體系化之整理，本文在研究時，選擇以公法上法律關係為主軸，將實務上可適用一般確認訴訟進行爭訟之案件，歸於三個案件群組進行討論。首先，「公法上法律關係之時間面向」之章節，係針對原告可否針對現在、未來以及過去法律關係提起一般確認訴訟，以及是類訴訟之應用進行說明。接著，本文聚焦於公法上法律關係與行政行為形式間之關聯，以「公法上法律關係與行為形式」為主軸，分析當個案中涉及行政處分與法規範時，人民是否能夠提起一般確認訴訟進行權利救濟。最後，「公法上法律關係之特殊型態」之章節，則是分析內部法律關係與第三人法律關係此二類較不常見之法律關係，可否成為一般確認訴訟之標的，以及此二類訴訟於實務上之運用。
經研究後，本文發現，實務上可適用一般確認訴訟進行爭訟之案件相當繁多。本文認為，之所以會有此現象產生，是因為公法上法律關係之概念廣泛存在於所有公法上爭議中。因此，只要當其他訴訟類型無法提供人民合乎憲法訴訟權保障之權利救濟，或是一般確認訴訟之提起有助於追求訴訟經濟，以致於備位性原則之適用受到限制時，一般確認訴訟即可發揮其補遺功能。此際，除非人民例外地不具備確認利益，否則當可向法院提起一般確認訴訟。

The general action for a declaratory judgment (allgemeine Feststellungsklage) mentioned in administrative court procedure refers to a lawsuit confirming the existence or non-existence of legal relations under public law (see Paragraph 1, Article 6 of Administrative Litigation Act). In Taiwan, the application of general action for a declaratory judgment is less concerned by courts and scholars. However, if the relevant documents of German law are collated, it can be found that the cases that can be handled by general action for a declaratory judgment are actually quite numerous, far exceeding the stereotypes of ordinary people. Therefore, in this study, “the cases in which general action for a declaratory judgment in administrative court procedure is applied” was selected as the research theme, and the German legal system was used as a reference to further comprehensively organize and introduce the application of general action for a declaratory judgment in practice.
In order to construct a systematic collation, this thesis chooses to focus on legal relations under public law and classifies the cases in which general action for a declaratory judgment can be applied into three case groups for discussion. First, “legal relations under public law from time aspect” is to explain whether the present, future and past legal relations can be the subject of general action for a declaratory judgment, and the application of such litigation. Next, this thesis pays attention to the connection between legal relations under public law and forms of administrative performance, focusing on “legal relations under public law and forms of performance”. In this way, it is analyzed whether the people can bring general action for a declaratory judgment and conduct judicial remedy for rights when administrative disposition and norms are involved in the case. Finally, this thesis puts forward the “special forms of legal relations under public law” as another chapter, and analyzes whether the two types of less common legal relations between internal legal relations and legal relations regarding the third party can be the subject of general action for a declaratory judgment, and mentions the application of these two types of litigation in practice.
After conducting research in the above-mentioned chapters, this thesis finds that there are quite a few cases where general action for a declaratory judgment can be applied. This thesis infers that this phenomenon occurs because the concept of legal relations under public law exists widely in all public-law disputes. Therefore, as long as other forms of litigation cannot provide the judicial remedy for rights guaranteed by the people to the right to institute litigation in the Constitution, or bringing general action for a declaratory judgment helps to pursue the principle of procedural economy, so that the application of the subsidiarity of the action for a declaratory judgment is restricted, the general action for a declaratory judgment can play the role for filling the gap which other forms of action could not deal with in this situation. At this point, unless the people exceptionally do not have interest in demanding a declaratory judgement, the general action for a declaratory judgment can be brought to the court.