網絡中默認規則的法律規制——一種溫和家長主義的視角

Legal Regulation of Default Rules in Internet —A Perspective of “Soft Paternalism”

在網絡空間中，默認規則作爲一種“推定同意”形式存在的選擇項，在降低消費者選擇成本、提高行動效率的同時，也導致一些商家利用它恣意收集個人信息，侵害消費者平等權、知情權等難題。爲此，家長主義與自由主義給出了不同規制思路。前者以强推方式來保護消費者權利，但商家與消費者或用戶的自由選擇則遭遇被削奪的窘境；後者尊重了商家與消費者或用戶的意願，然决策疲勞、盲目樂觀則又使兩者所希冀的美好願望無法實現。要突破此兩種思路的難題，溫和家長主義是一種有益選擇。其根植于個體自主價值，以保護和利用的平衡理念對默認規則進行利益衡量，確定“同意”的中立性地位，設立“選擇退出”輔助性規則限制個人信息的任意收集，充分發揮信息披露在個人信息保護中的補充和替代作用，解决默認規則存在的不平等問題。

In cyberspace, default rules， which serve as a “presumed consent” option, reduce the cost of consumers choice and improve the efficiency of actions. While it may also cause problems like willful collection of consumers personal information and further infringement on consumers rights to equality and to know. Under the very situation, different regulatory ideas are being discussed from both paternalism and liberalism. Paternalism protects the rights of consumers in a coercive way, but it causes the dilemma that the right of free choice of merchants and consumers (or users) is cut away. Liberalism respects the wishes of businesses and consumers (or users), but decision fatigue and blind optimism make the good wishes of both sides of the transaction impossible to realize. To break through the problems of these two ideas, soft paternalism might be a beneficial choice. Rooted in the individual independent value, it measures the interests of default rules with the balanced concept of protection and utilization, determines the neutral status of “consent”, establishes the auxiliary rule of “opt-out” to restrict the arbitrary collection of personal information, and gives full play to the complementary and alternative role of information disclosure in the protection of personal information to solve the inequality existing in default rules.