全景敞視監獄（譯文）

Panopticon, or, The Inspection-house, & C.

全景敞視主義是米歇爾‧福柯發明的詞匯。雖然杰裏米‧邊沁并沒有直接使用該詞，但是實際上正是他在介紹塞繆爾‧邊沁設計的監視所方案時，第一次提出了這一理念。全景敞視主義適用于建築物占用的空間不太大，又需要對一定數量的人進行監督的任何機構。它可以用來實現安全監護、禁閉、隔離、強制勞動、教育等目標。全景敞視建築是圓形的，由隔間、中間區域、監視走廊、中心瞭望塔、中心區域等部分組成；并且在有頂的走廊的連接下，數棟建築可以結合為一個整體。監督者的中心地位，以及“看，同時不被看”的處境，使得被監視者隨時可能被監視，并相信自己此時可能正被監視。除此之外，杰裏米‧邊沁還設計了一套全面的權力監督機制和公開機制，以防止監督者及其下屬濫用權力。

Panopticism is a term invented by Michel Foucault. Although Jeremy Bentham did not use this term directly, it was actually Jeremy Bentham who first proposed the idea in introduction to the Inspection-house designed by Samuel Bentham. Panopticism can be applied to all establishments whatsoever, in which, within a space not too large to be covered or commanded by buildings, a number of persons are meant to be kept under inspection. It can be applied to the objects of safe custody, confinement, soli-tude, forced labour, instruction, etc. The Panopticon is circular and consists of cells, the intermediate area, the inspection-gallery, the inspector’s lodge, the central area, etc. Con-nected by covered galleries, several rotundas can be consolidated into one inspection-house. The centrality of the inspector’s situation, and the situation of seeing without being seen, make it possible for the prisoners to be inspected at any time, and cannot but conceive that they may be being inspected. Besides, Jeremy Bentham also designed a set of supervisory mechanism of the power of inspectors and his subordinates and a set of exposure mechanism.