再論行政訴訟中撤銷訴訟之訴訟標的

Re-discussing the Litigated Object of Avoidance Proceedings in the Administrative Litigation

行政訴訟之訴訟標的之認定，涉及人民訴訟權保障、法安定性、行政行為合法性間之平衡，該認定雖受到民事訴訟之訴訟標的理論所影響，但由於行政訴訟之制度、原則，有別於民事訴訟之制度、原則，故行政訴訟之訴訟標的之認定，不全然參照民事訴訟之訴訟標的理論來詮釋，而應有其獨立方式來詮釋。其中，行政訴訟中撤銷訴訟之訴訟標的，依照行政訴訟法第四條等規定，並考量撤銷訴訟所表現之人民基本權利的防禦面向，而應以保障人民訴訟權為引導，本文主張該訴訟標的，係指「原告因行政機關之行政處分違法，並損害其權利或法律上之利益（之事實），而請求行政法院撤銷該行政處分之主張」，其可由訴之聲明、原因事實所組成。行政訴訟中撤銷訴訟之訴訟標的，將影響撤銷訴訟判決之確定力客觀範圍，並與撤銷訴訟之程序標的有所區分，藉此，本文認為，借助行政法體系之理解、行政訴訟制度及原則之澄清、行政訴訟法規範之遵循、憲法訴訟權保障之引導，方可認定行政訴訟中撤銷訴訟之訴訟標的，以平衡人民訴訟權保障、法安定性、行政行為合法性。

The identification of the litigated object in the administrative litigation is associated with the balance among the protection of the litigation right, the stability of the law, and the legality of administrative acts. Although the identification is influenced by theories of the litigated object in the civil procedure, the system and principles of the administrative litigation are different from those of the civil procedure. Therefore, the identification of the litigated object in the administrative litigation does not entirely imply the identification of the litigated object as it does in the civil procedure. Specifically, it indicates that the former identification in the administrative litigation should have its independent methods. Among them, the litigated object of avoidance proceedings in the administrative litigation should be in accordance with Article 4 of the Administrative Litigation Act and should take the defensive aspect of constitutional right into consideration in avoidance proceedings, which must be guided by the protection of the litigation right. This article argues that the litigated object should be defined as “the plaintiff requests the administrative court to revoke the administrative ruling as it violates the law and damages the rights or legal interests of the individual (in fact)”. Therefore, the litigated object can comprise of the claim and the actual occurrence. The litigated object of avoidance proceedings in the administrative litigation then will influence the objective scope of the binding effect of judgments for avoidance proceedings, and will be different from the procedural object. Accordingly, this article contends that it is only with the understanding of the system of the administrative law, the clarification of the system and principles of the administrative litigation, the compliance with the Administrative Litigation Act, and the guidance of the protection of the litigation right, the litigated object of avoidance proceedings in the administrative litigation can be determined in order to balance the protection of the litigation right, the stability of the law, and the legality of administrative acts.