日本勞動災害補償給付制度之研究——兼論對我國推動職災保險專法之啟示

A Research on the Labor Accident Indemnification System in Japan and a Synchronous Discussion on the Inspiration of Promoting Special Occupational Accident Insurance in Taiwan

健全之職災補償法制，使得罹災勞工或其家屬得以避免繁瑣之民事損害賠償訴訟程序，直接向雇主請求定額之職災補償給付；而社會保險化之職災保險，不僅讓雇主之法定責任得以藉由保險分擔風險，亦得讓罹災勞工得到即時有效之給付與照顧。因此，內容完整、保障充分之職災保險法制，毋寧係現代國家社會安全制度重要之一環。鄰近國家之日本亦以勞動者災害補償保險法為勞動基準法雇主法定責任之責任保險法，且經過多年之制度發展後，更使得勞動者災害補償保險法得以成為兼具勞災預防與罹災勞工重建功能之社會安全法規。本文以為，為建立完善之職業災害補償制度，我國應持續推動職業災害保險專法，且參酌日本經驗，於法規設計上至少應採取受僱者全面納保、保險效力當然發生、職業災害與通勤災害分別但等同處理、保險給付以平均薪資為計算基礎之立法設計；再者，針對勞災保險給付所衍生之雇主民事損害賠償責任抵充之問題，亦以法律加以明文規定為宜。唯有如此，方能提供罹災勞工暨其家屬更健全之保障。

A comprehensive legal system on occupational accident indemnification allows the laborer involved in an accident and their family to avoid a long perplexing civil compensation legal procedure and helps the laborer request a direct occupational indemnification payment from the employer. The socialized insurance of occupational accident insurance not only enables the employer to share the risk of the legal responsibility but also allows the laborer to receive effective payment and care immediately. Therefore, a thorough legal system for occupational accident insurance with a complete content and adequate protection is rather an important part of the social security system of a modern nation. The prescribed legal responsibility of the employer of the labor law in neighboring Japan is also based on the labor accident indemnification insurance law which outlines the employer’s liability insurance law embedded within the Labor Standard Act. After many years of development of the system, the labor accident indemnification insurance law has become a social security law that is replete with the functions of prevention of labor accident and reconstruction of laborer involved in an accident. The article argues that that in order to establish a complete occupational accident indemnification system, our country should continue promoting the establishment of the special occupational accident insurance law. By referencing the Japanese experience, it argues that the design of the legislation should at least adopt the regulations that include insurance for all employees, auto-coverage, separate but equal treatment of occupational accident and en route accident, and the benefit calculated based on the average salary. Furthermore, the issue concerning offsetting the civil damage liability of the employer as a result of labor accident insurance benefit should be addressed with specific legal prescriptions. Only in this way, more comprehensive protection and security can be provided for the laborers involved in accident and their family.