An Isolated Nation with Global-minded Citizens: Bottom-up Transnational Constitutionalism in Taiwan

孤立島國與全球公民：由下而上的跨國憲政主義在台灣的發展

跨國憲政主義—特別是在國際人權法及內國憲法匯流的面向—已在許多國家、甚或國際機制中萌芽發展。本文探討台灣是否也受到此一匯流趨勢的影響，並進一步深入分析其受影響的程度及可能的原因。本文發現，國際人權法並未被台灣的憲法本文或民主轉型過程中的修憲條文予以法典化，且職司憲法解釋的司法院大法官對於國際人權法的引用也非常節制，其引用國際人權法的比例僅占解釋理由及多數意見書的1%，於不同意見書中也僅佔3.25%。不過，值得注意的是，本文發現，在台灣有另外一股促進內國憲法與國際人權法匯流的力量是來自民間團體。經由檢視民間團體對特定國際人權公約的內國引介運動，本文發現民間團體及內國公民在引介跨國的/憲法的規範中，扮演著關鍵角色，可定義為是由下而上的跨國憲政主義。藉由這種內國的/跨國的中介代理，這些有全球意識的公民及民間團體建立起一個跨國的/憲法的平台，讓國際人權法以及內國人權法能彼此交流。

The emergence of transnational constitutionalism, particularly regarding the convergence of international human rights and domestic constitutions, has taken place in many national or transnational jurisdictions. This paper attempts at examining whether and to what extent this trend has occurred in Taiwan. This paper finds that not much constitutional codification of international human rights laws has been undertaken in the Constitution or subsequent constitutional revisions, and that the judicial reference to international human rights laws was very moderate: 1% in holdings or majority opinions and 3.25% in separate opinions. However, this paper discerns that a stronger trend in statutory incorporation of international human rights laws has taken place in Taiwan. By examining the roles of NGOs in their respective rights advocacies, this paper finds that NGOs and citizens have played pivotal roles in mediating transnational/constitutional norms, defined as a rather distinctive model of “bottom-up transnational constitutionalism.” With their domestic/transnational natures of agency, these global-minded citizens and NGOs have built an intermediating transnational/constitutional regime where both international and domestic human rights laws meet with each other.