方圓同時：《周易時論合編》中的曆數之學與宇宙循環觀

Simultaneity of Square and Circle: Calendrical Learning and the Concept of Universal Circulation in the Zhouyi Shilun Hebian

方孔炤（1590-1655）和方以智（1611-c. 1671）編撰的《周易時論合編》內含大量天文學和曆法的知識，在《易》學中形成一種獨特的風格。這些自然知識被認為以《易經》的數字為基礎，書中更以各種象數圖示來解釋兩者之間的關聯性。本文從「時」之義著手，嘗試說明貫串整部作品的思想系統，以及曆數之學在此理論脈絡中的定位。其次以漢代卦氣、爻辰說、宋代邵雍（1011-1077）先天圖、明代黃道周（1585-1646）〈天方圖〉為例證，說明該書如何利用不同時代的象數學圖示，來闡述一種大小宇宙相互呼應，並且永恆處在一宏觀周期循環的觀點。

The Zhouyi shilun hebian周易時論合編by Fang Kongzhao方孔炤(1590-1655) and Fang Yizhi方以智(1611-c. 1671) contains an extensive discussion of astronomy and calendrical systems, forming a unique approach within the field of Yijing易經studies. The Fangs believed that the natural sciences were based on the numerical principles of the Yijing, and the book employs various symbolic diagrams to explain the correlation between the two. This article focuses on the concept of time to elucidate the underlying philosophical system that runs throughout the entire text, as well as the position of calendar systems within the text’s theoretical framework. Furthermore, through the examples of guaqi卦氣theory, which originated in the Han dynasty, Shao Yong’s邵雍(1011-1077)“Diagrams of Former Heaven,”and Huang Daozhou’s黃道周(1585-1646)“Tianfang tu天方圖,”the article shows how the Zhouyi shilun hebian utilizes symbolic diagrams from different eras to expound a viewpoint that emphasizes the interconnection between the macrocosm and microcosm as perpetually existing within a grand cycle of circulation.