淺談立百病毒感染症

An Overview of Nipah Virus Infection

立百病毒是一種人畜共通、具有高度致死率的病毒，屬於副黏液病毒科，可引起急性腦炎及呼吸道症狀。自1998年於馬來西亞首次被發現以來，立百病毒已在南亞及東南亞等國家區域發生多次爆發事件，死亡率高達40%至75%。由於立百病毒感染潛伏期變異性大、傳播途徑多元性，包括動物傳染人或人與人之間傳播，故不可不重視。由於目前尚無治療特效藥物與疫苗，臨床上只能採取支持性療法，對於公共衛生構成重大威脅。本文旨在探討立百病毒的流行病學、臨床症狀特徵、診斷及檢驗檢查方法、臨床治療照護原則，以及感染控制的整合性策略及預防，以提供臨床與防疫實務之參考依據。臺灣衛生福利部疾病管制屬的建議指引，強調跨領域合作、早期偵測與快速隔離、加強個人防護措施及病人照護流程等的風險管理，冀望加強第一線醫護人員對於此感染症的認知及提升防範疫情爆發之能力。

Nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, known to cause acute encephalitis and respiratory symptoms. First identified in Malaysia in 1998, Nipah virus has since caused multiple outbreaks across South and Southeast Asia with case fatality rates ranging from 40% to 75%. Its significance lies in its variable incubation period and multiple routes of transmission including zoonotic spillover and human-to-human spread rendering it a pathogen of considerable concern.
At present, no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is available for Nipah Virus; and clinical management remains limited to supportive care, posing a serious threat to global public health. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and laboratory testing for Nipah virus infection. Furthermore, it outlines key principles in clinical management and proposes integrated strategies for infection prevention and control. The review incorporates current recommendations from the World Health Organization and Taiwan Centers for Disease Control; emphasizing the importance of multispectral collaboration, early detection and rapid isolation, strict adherence to personal protective equipment protocols, and well-defined patient care workflows. Through this synthesis, the article seeks to enhance frontline healthcare workers’awareness and strengthen preparedness against potential Nipah virus outbreaks.