初探佛教與諮商的關係

Preliminary Exploration of the Relationship Between Buddhism and Counseling

因第三波認知行為治療對正念靜坐的應用，引發研究者對初探佛教與諮商的關係的探究。佛透過靜坐技術覺悟到心意識的本質，在認知上區辨了智慧和妄想執著是樂和苦的主因，開創了佛教。佛教用以促進心理健康的理論基礎是四聖諦：苦、集、滅、道，個體的悲苦來自集，集就是集聚之意，集的根源是無明，要靠道來滅除無明，獲得智慧。在解深密經與諮商理論的對話裡，佛教有兩個觀點與諮商理論有關：一是社會建構觀點，認為個體的心意識由種子逐漸成熟、廣大成當前狀態，是靠語言建構自己的真實，是屬於後現代社會建構觀點，而訊息的進入是靠訊息處理模式，認為六境透過六根進入個體六識，匯聚於心意識；二是認知行為治療觀點，認為一切唯心所造，心屬於認知，個體對外境的解釋，決定個體的情緒和行為。佛教的目的是因心意識無明，對外境不能如實了知，貪愛生染，產生集聚諸法相的自心現流，造成悲苦，所以要用道來淨化自心現流，達到一相一味的明的境界。道的策略是靜坐，靜坐分正念和正定靜坐，正念是啟動第三波認知行為治療的技術，強調個體在靜坐時，對自心現流的態度要遵守四要：要聚焦當下、要如實觀察、要如實知和要平等對待，練習離相，來靜觀自心現流的生、住、滅現象，自性的運作就像正念靜坐四要：物現，照物，物離，鏡空；正定靜坐則是作意在標的上，練習滅相，達到一相一味淨化自心現流來滅無明，讓心變得清淨。

The third wave of cognitive behavior therapy applied mindfulness meditation techniques to treat clients, which inspired the motivation to conduct a preliminary exploration of the relationship between Buddhism and counseling. From a psychotherapeutic perspective, the conversation between Buddha and his disciples in sutras can be viewed as counseling processes. Buddha was a pioneer of psychotherapy and a forerunner of the third wave of cognitive behavior therapy. After Buddha became enlightened, he was aware of the Self-nature and mind conscience. His cognition began to distinguish wisdom from illusion and fixation, which were the reasons why people experienced happiness or suffering. Buddha created Buddhism and started his career as a therapist interacting with and teaching his disciples. The theoretical structure of Buddhism consists of the four noble truths: suffering, cause, end, and path. Individuals' sufferings arise from causes. If individuals wanted to end those causes, they had to use the paths. In the dialogues between the Sandhi-nirmocana Sutra and counseling theories, Buddhism presents two perspectives that correspond to two counseling theories. One was the perspective of social constructivist therapy, which indicated that individuals used language to construct their experiences into their truth. Language was the tool of social constructivism. Another was the perspective of cognitive behavior therapy, which indicated that the way individuals interpreted their environments determined their emotions and behaviors. Because mind conscience used language to construct its truth, it belonged to the social constructivist viewpoint. Therefore, when mind consciences were characterized by ignorance and irrationality, they could not view the reality truths of environments. Such individuals might be seduced by the outside world and pursue it. When they could not get or lost what they wanted, they might have emotional disturbance, which caused their suffering. How did information get into their mind? It was through the information process model. The information process model indicated that six kinds of environments got into six kinds of consciences by six senses. Six kinds of environments were color, sound, scent, taste, touching, and knowledge. Each environment had its corresponding conscience to deal with that kind of information. Those consciences were eye conscience, ear conscience, nose conscience, tongue conscience, body conscience, and perception conscience. Six senses were eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and perception. Each environment paired with each sense and each conscience, as in color–eyes–eye conscience, sound–ears–ear conscience, scent–nose–nose conscience, taste–tongue–tongue conscience, touching–body–body conscience, and knowledge–perception–perception conscience. Individuals had their belief systems. They chose what they wanted to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, and to touch in those environments. When environments got into consciences through senses, consciences would differentiate and judge those environments. The information might become the sources of individuals' automatic thoughts. If individuals' automatic thoughts were irrational thoughts, these might cause individuals to suffer from emotional disturbance. The purpose of Buddhism was that if individuals wanted to have happiness, they had to apply the paths to understand the nature of mind conscience. The path was to use meditation to enlighten the Self-nature to acquire wisdom in order to get rid of ignorance and irrationality of mind conscience. There were two kinds of meditations: mindfulness and concentration. Mindfulness meditators had to follow four principles to deal with automatic thoughts, which were to focus on here and now, to observe what truly happens, to know truths, and to treat automatic thoughts equally. The Self-nature functions as mindfulness meditation did. Concentrative meditators had to pay attention to one prescribed object. The goal of concentrative meditation was to use the prescribed object to replace automatic thoughts until it became the sole focus. In other words, this allowed the mind become pure and hold only the prescribed object, which was the Self-nature's essence.