民間武裝組織與地方社會——以閩北與閩東的大刀會組織為例（1927-1950）

Armed Organizations and Local Society in Twentieth Century China: A Case Study of Dadaohui in Northern and Eastern Fujian (1927-1950)

1950年10月10日新建立的中華人民共和國發布關於鎮壓反革命活動的指示，相關對民間組織力量的鎮壓活動，一直到1953年方才足見告終。本文則以1950年2月發生在福建省平潭縣的大刀會起事為出發點，去討論以下問題：首先，1950年平潭大刀會與解放軍對抗情形出現的意味為何？大刀會這類民間武裝組織在進入二十世紀以後的福建地方發展過程中又扮演了什麼樣的角色？中共地方新政權為何會宣稱大刀會與國民政府殘餘勢力有因果關係？若我們把大刀會起事放入時間脈絡去進行分析，並視為地方社會成員與不同時期福建地方政權間的政治互動，這些政治互動又牽動與反映了哪些論述與權力結構的變遷？如何從中理解不同時期的福建地方政權與自民初以來流行於福建地方社會中的地方大眾組織，特別是大刀會與救世團體（同善社）間的互動關係？本文採取由下而上的歷史配合由小見大的微觀史觀點，透過具體地方歷史脈絡的梳理，意圖挑戰過往由上對下的強調「鎮壓反革命運動」的單向政治獵巫，去重新檢視與反思大刀會作為一個民間大眾武裝組織在閩北與閩東兩地，從民間利益捍衛者的社會型盜匪成為反動會道門的歷史發展過程。

This article takes the February 1950 uprising of the Dadaohui in Pingtan County, Fujian Province, as a point of departure to examine several issues. What was the significance of the confrontation between the Dadaohui and the People’s Liberation Army in 1950? What roles did local armed organizations such as the Dadaohui play in the development of Fujian during the twentieth century? Why did newly established Communist authorities claim a direct causal link between these easily suppressed peasant collective actions and the residual forces of the Nationalist government? If we understand the Dadaohui uprising as part of a longer history of political interaction between local society and successive regimes in Fujian, what changes in discourse and power structures does this allow us to identify? How should we understand the interaction between various regimes in Fujian and mass organizations that have been active there since the early Republican period, particularly the relationship between the Dadaohui and redemptive societies such as the Tongshanshe?
This study adopts a bottom-up approach and a micro-historical perspective that seeks to illuminate the broader dynamics through close analysis of local detail. By reconstructing specific local historical contexts, it challenges earlier one-sided, top-down political condemnations and reconsiders the historical development of the Dadaohui as a grassroots mass organization in northern and eastern Fujian, tracing its evolution from a social-bandit group defending local interests to what was later labeled a“reactionary heterodox organization.”