行政處罰一事不再罰原則的誤解與澄清

我國行政處罰中的一事不再罰經歷了從程序法原則到實體法原則的變遷，由此造成理解上的困難與適用中的難題。一事不再罰是一項程序法原則，最早源自羅馬法中的一事不再理，它具有獨立的地位和價值，不應將其與實體法上的過罰相當原則、行政違法行為個數判斷理論等混淆。基於節約行政資源、維護法的安定性和保護當事人免受重複處罰的考量，應當在行政處罰中重新恢復程序法上的一事不再罰。這一原則的適用前提是行政機關反復行使處罰權，“一事”是指前次行政處罰決定作出時已經確定的同一當事人的同一違法行為，“不再罰”意味著行政機關不得反復行使處罰權。行政機關未正確行使處罰權或者未完全行使處罰權時，可以承認一事不再罰的例外，但是這種例外同樣要受到公共利益、禁止不利變更和撤銷期限的限制。

The principle of non bis in idem (prohibition of double punishment) in China's administrative penalties has undergone a transformation from a procedural law principle to a substantive law principle, leading to conceptual confusion and difficulties in practical application. Non bis in idem is originally a procedural law principle, tracing its roots to the Roman law doctrine of ne bis in idem. It possesses independent status and value and should not be conflated with substantive law principles such as the proportionality of punishment or with theories concerning the determination of the number of administrative violations. From the perspectives of conserving administrative resources, maintaining legal certainty, and protecting individuals from repeated penalties, it is necessary to restore the procedural law-based understanding of non bis in idem in the administrative penalty system. The precondition for applying this principle is the repeated exercise of punitive power by administrative authorities. The term“one matter”refers to the same illegal act committed by the same person that has already been definitively addressed in a prior administrative penalty decision.“No repeated punishment”means that administrative authorities shall not repeatedly exercise their punitive power over the same matter. In situations where the administrative authority fails to exercise its punitive power correctly or completely, exceptions to non bis in idem may be permitted. However, such exceptions must still be subject to the restrictions imposed by public interest considerations, the prohibition of unfavorable changes for individuals, and statutory time limits for penalty revocation or alteration.