從國際人權法檢視軍事審判制度與公平審判權

Military Justice Systems and the Right to a Fair Trial: An Assessment under International Human Rights Law

軍事審判法院或法庭（Military Courts and Tribunals）之設置與功能在我國與國際上有諸多爭議，特別是可能違反國際人權法公平審判權（right to a fair trial）的相關保障，諸多國家現因歷史背景與政策因素，已廢除軍事審判制度。不過，此乃國家政策性選擇，並非本質或法律上問題，且無論是由國際人權公約或區域性人權公約來檢驗，軍事審判制度本身並不當然違法，惟須符合公平審判權之相關要求。亦即，若我國要一定程度「恢復」或修改軍事審判制度，至少以國際人權公約的角度檢視，是可行的。
本文主要以公民與政治權利國際公約第14條與歐洲人權公約第6條關於公平審判權規範以及國際趨勢對我國軍事審判制度進行檢視，包括軍事審判制度的目的與存在理由，軍事法院管轄權（jurisdiction）之範圍，應限於軍事罪刑（military offences），並僅能審判現役軍人，國家設置軍事法院之相關要求與限制，且在訴訟程序上應給予被告足夠保障等。

The establishment and function of military courts and tribunals have long been debated both in Taiwan and internationally, particularly with regard to their potential tension with the right to a fair trial under international human rights law. Many states, due to historical and policy considerations, have abolished their military justice systems. Yet this reflects policy choices rather than inherent legal defects. Neither universal nor regional human rights conventions consider military courts or tribunals per se unlawful; the key question is whether such systems comply with fair-trial guarantees. From this perspective, a partial restoration or reform of Taiwan’s military justice system remains legally feasible under international human rights standards.
This article evaluates Taiwan’s military justice framework through the lens of Article 14 of the ICCPR and Article 6 of the ECHR. It examines the purpose and rationale for maintaining military courts, the proper scope of jurisdiction, the conditions and limits on establishing military tribunals, and the procedural safeguards that must be afforded to defendants. The analysis aims to clarify how Taiwan can design a military justice system that aligns with contemporary international human rights requirements.