菸品警示要求的憲法界限：從美國相關系列訴訟談起

The Constitutional Boundary for Tobacco Health Warning Requirements: Starting from the Related Litigations in the United Seates

菸品使用是對人類公共衛生最嚴重的威脅之一。為對抗此一威脅，許多管制措施已被倡議與實踐。其中，於包裝或其他地方提供健康警示，乃重要之法制策略。然而，在美國的許多訴訟已彰顯，藉由強制揭示資訊之方式對抗菸品使用的努力，須面對言論自由主張的挑戰。在我國，亦有菸品標示與贊助等憲法爭訟，當中言論自由乃核心焦點。鑑於我國釋憲實務於言論自由領域相當程度承襲美國的思維架構，美國在菸品警示要求上的憲法原則與適用，也就成為值得探索與借鏡的素材。
本文之目的，即在觀察與分析美國菸品圖像警示訴訟與「反詐騙勒索腐敗組織法」訴訟之發展歷程，以及其中有關言論自由的論述爭辯與法院見解，藉此省思針對揭露管制的違憲審查原則與操作。本文認為，美國適用於揭露要求的Zauderer標準，有值得採納的價值，且菸品相關訴訟已鮮活地呈現其實際運用的面貌，為我國借鏡該標準提供了具象的演示。

Tobacco use is one of the most serious threats to human public health. To combat this threat, many regulatory measures have been initiated and implemented. Among them, providing health warnings on packaging or other places is an important legal strategy. However, numerous lawsuits in the United States have demonstrated that efforts to combat tobacco use by compulsory disclosure must face challenges to free speech claims. In Taiwan, there are also constitutional disputes related to tobacco product labeling and sponsorship, in which freedom of speech is a core focus. In light of the fact that Taiwan’s constitutional practices in the field of freedom of speech have largely inherited the framework of the United States, the related constitutional principles and their application in the United States to tobacco health warnings are material worthy of exploration and reference.
The purpose of this article is to observe and analyze the development of tobacco graphic warning litigation and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) litigation in the United States, as well as the issues and court opinions regarding freedom of speech, in order to reflect on the judicial review practices regarding the constitutionality of disclosure regulation. This article argues that the Zauderer test applicable to disclosure requirements in the United States is worthy of adoption, and the related litigations have vividly revealed its actual application, providing a concrete demonstration for us to utilize this standard.