記憶、哀情與神傳：論王夫之的哀輓詩及生死觀

Memory, Grief, and the Transmission of the Spirit: On Wang Fuzhi’s Mourning Poems and Philosophy of Life and Death

王夫之通過哀輓詩書寫和記憶死者死亡故事，構建他們的形象，並以此表達自我的愧憾，償還其情感債務。他所記憶的是經過精心選擇的死節者和遺民。藉由王夫之流轉之氣論，此種個人記憶亦融入「存人道」的文化記憶中，成為明朝乃至文化延續性之證明。在記憶之外，抒發「哀情」為面對死亡必要之舉。王夫之指出人禽之大別在於哀死與患死之間，相信哀情之表達，為天地生生不息的昭顯，故「哀死」實為尊生，是「盡人道」的表現。此種哀輓觀念，也承接了他「詩道性情」的詩歌本質觀。此外，作為明遺民的王夫之，面對他人之死與自身之生，亦在「孤臣惟一死」、「後死心尤惕」及「聊安後死心」之間掙扎徘徊。極哀情以悼先死者，突顯了自身不死／未死的存在荒謬，造成了痛苦的分裂。王夫之通過「形生不若神傳」、「傳幽貞」的思想，對死亡觀念加以轉換，試圖緩釋此種分裂。

This article examines Wang Fuzhi’s (1619–1692) mourning poems as a medium for negotiating personal grief, cultural memory, and philosophical reflections on life and death. Wang commemorated carefully chosen martyrs and Ming loyalists, constructing their images to express remorse and repay emotional debts. Through his theory of the circulation of qi (氣), these acts of remembrance were integrated into the broader cultural memory of“preserving the Way of Humanity”(cun rendao存人道), positioning his poetry as a testament to the continuity of Ming culture during dynastic upheaval. Wang viewed grief as central to the human condition, arguing that mourning and fearing death distinguish humans from animals. For him, mourning reflects the eternal cycle of life and serves as a moral act that“fulfills the Way of Humanity.”This aligns with his belief that poetry embodies xing性(human nature) and qing情(emotions). As a Ming loyalist, Wang struggled with the tension between his survival and the deaths of others, particularly those who died for the Ming dynasty. His profound grief highlighted the absurdity of his survival, creating internal conflict. He sought resolution through the idea that“the transmission of the spirit surpasses the physical”形生不若神傳and the moral responsibility of“passing on the spirit of integrity”傳幽貞, which served to reframe his understanding of death and survival.