談甲骨文「有／亡＋V＋N」結構中的動詞類型與語義

On the Verb Categories in the“You/Wu”Structure and Their Semantic Meanings in Oracle Bone Inscriptions

本文以甲骨文「有／亡＋V＋N」句式作為主軸，先梳理出目前學界對於「有、亡」性質的認識，及「V＋N」結構的解讀。進一步，根據此一結構主語語義角色非施事，且「有」字為必要存在，推斷「有」為動詞，「VN」為定中結構。接著檢索結構中的「V」，共檢出24個，除了4個待考外，依據及物與否，可分為15個不及物動詞（如來、疾、至等），5個及物動詞（如獲、告、受等），其中不及物一類，可再依據其具有「X＋V＋Y」與「Y＋V」兩種結構，判斷為致使義之非賓格動詞，並多為存現、趨向與狀態動詞一類，用作定語時，偏向完成義，如「有逸羌」即「有逃掉的羌人」；至於及物一類，也同時存在「X＋V＋Y」、「Y＋V」兩種結構，為具有受動用法之動詞，只是「Y＋V」之「Y」作為定語時，需要以受動結果義理解，如「婦好有受生」義為「婦好有被給予的子息」。故二者共同點除了皆具有「X＋V＋Y」、「Y＋V」結構外，也都用以表述「完成／結果」的狀態，故能以定語形式進入「有、亡」之存有句。

The present article revolves around the sentence structure of“you有/wu亡+ V + N”in oracle bone inscriptions. Firstly, it organizes the understandings of the properties of“you/wu”and the interpretations of“V + N”structure within current literature. Then, from the facts that the subject of this structure may be an inanimate noun that is not an agent semantically and that the presence of the character“you”is necessary, this article infers that“you”is a verb and that“V + N”is a structure of“attributive verb + head.”Regarding the“V”therein, a total of 24 verbs have been retrieved from related searches. Except for 4 awaiting examination, there are 15 intransitive verbs (e.g., lai來, ji疾, and zhi至) and 5 transitive verbs (e.g., huo獲, gao告, and shou受). The 15 intransitive verbs can be further divided into two structures, namely“X + V + Y”and“Y + V.”The verb in the two structures is judged to be an unaccusative verb in the sense of“to cause”and is mostly classified as an existential, directional, or stative verb. When used as an attribute, it carries the meaning of accomplishment, exemplified by“you yi qiang”有逸羌referring to“there are escaped Qiang persons.”As for the category of transitive verbs, there are also the structures of“X + V + Y”and“Y + V”with dative verbs. Specifically speaking, when the“Y”of“Y + V”is used as an attribute, the“V”should be understood as a dative verb; for example,“Fuhao you shou sheng”婦好有受生means“Fuhao has been given a child.”Therefore, apart from sharing the structures of“X + V + Y”and“Y + V,”both of the two verb categories are employed to express the state of“accomplishment/conclusion,”and they ergo can be used as attributes in existential sentences beginning with“you/ wu.”