論陳壽《三國志》后妃傳的《春秋》書法

Analysis on“Chun Qiu Shu Fa”in Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms: Biography of Empresses and Consorts

晚近學界論及《春秋》書法，多以載筆之體、載筆之用二端加以理解。其用「懲惡勸善」向為中國史家最高鵠的，而其體「微婉顯晦」之大者，則是全身遠禍外，又能存歷史盛衰之實、寓邦國人倫之情，以達贊治之功。陳壽《三國志》成書於季漢魏晉之時，於時政治環境險峻，「天下多故，名士少有全者」。面對「邦無道」的據亂之世，陳壽撰史之時，對於《春秋》書法的使用，自然成為重要課題。是以本文以《三國志》「后妃傳」為主要文本，深入史籍、剖析文理，藉由「稱謂義例」、「《春秋》書亡」、「陳壽評曰」三端，證成陳壽乃嫻熟《春秋》書法，並且於《三國志》中有意識、有系統的操作與再現，為文婉而成章，盡懲惡勸善的史家風骨。於此也能側面觀察經學觀念的《春秋》書法，於史學書寫實踐的變化軌跡。

In recent academic discussions on Chun Qiu Shu Fa (the writing principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals), scholars have often interpreted it through two key aspects: the ''form of writing'' (zai bi zhi ti) and the ''function of writing'' (zai bi zhi yong). Its function, characterized by ''punishing evil and encouraging virtue,'' has long been regarded as the ultimate aim of Chinese historians. Meanwhile, its form, noted for its subtlety and concealment (wei wan xian hui), serves the dual purpose of safeguarding the historian from harm while preserving the essence of historical rise and decline, embedding the ethics of nations and humanity, and achieving the effect of praising good governance. Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms (San Guo Zhi) was completed during the turbulent period of late Shu Han, Wei, and Jin dynasties, a time of precarious political circumstances when ''the world was in turmoil, and few virtuous scholars survived intact.'' Confronted with an era of chaos where ''the state was unrighteous,'' Chen Shou's application of Chun Qiu Shu Fa in his historical writing naturally became a significant topic. This article takes the ''Biographies of Empresses and Consorts'' (Hou Fei Zhuan) from the Records of the Three Kingdoms as the primary text, delving into the historical records and analyzing the literary principles. Through three key aspects—''nomenclature conventions,'' ''Chun Qiu writing of the deceased,'' and ''Chen Shou's commentary''—this study demonstrates that Chen Shou was deeply familiar with Chun Qiu Shu Fa and consciously, systematically employed and reproduced it in the Records of the Three Kingdoms. His writing is both subtle and elegant, embodying the historian's spirit of punishing evil and encouraging virtue. In this way, it also offers a perspective on how the Chun Qiu Shu Fa, rooted in Confucian classical thought, evolved in its application to historical writing practices.