洗出與研出——假石工藝的建築技術

Rustic or Washed Finish and Monolithic Terrazzo–Building Technology of Imitation Stone Craf

臺灣古建築技術從清初以來，接近三百年的發展史上，工藝的材料與技術包括木雕、石雕、陶片、剪黏或彩繪等，大體上皆傳承自中國大陸閩粵一帶，受聘來臺的匠師被尊稱為唐山師傅，他們也在臺灣授徒，傳統技藝逐漸開枝散葉。但唯獨石雕一項，在十九世紀末與二十世紀初出現較大的轉變，主因是石材不易取得，石工也較耗時費工。在建築量增加的情況下，出現了代替材料與工法，即是「洗石子」與「磨石子」，基本上屬於「假石」的工藝。十九世紀西風東漸，臺灣因開港通商，洋商及傳教士來臺，也帶進來西式建築。洋灰（水泥）逐漸取代傳統三合土（石灰、糯米漿、砂），洋樓的外觀及地面出現水泥構造。至1895年日治之後，官署及火車站引進「洗出（洗石子）」與「研出（磨石子）」兩種水泥加工技術，在日本「左官（泥水匠）」及臺灣泥水匠（塗水司傅）合力推展研發之下，發展達到一定的高峰。

Taiwan’s ancient architectural technology since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,nearly three hundred years of development history,the materials and techniques of craftsmanship include wood carving, stone carving, pottery, scissor sticking or color painting, etc., which are generally inherited from the Fujian and Guangdong regions of mainland China. The craftsmen hired to come to Taiwan are called Master Tangshan. They also teach apprentices in Taiwan, and their skills are gradually passed on. However, only stone carvings experienced major changes at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The main reason is that stone materials are not easy to obtain and construction is time-consuming and labor-intensive. With the increase in the amount of construction, alternative materials and construction methods have emerged,that is,“rustic or washed finish”and“monolithic terrazzo”, which basically belong to the process of“imitation stone”. In the 19th century, foreign businessmen and missionaries came to Taiwan because of the opening of the port, and also introduced Western-style architecture. Cement gradually replaced traditional materials, and cement structures appeared on the exterior walls and floors of bungalows. After 1895, government offices and railway stations introduced two processing technologies,“rustic or washed finish”and“monolithic terrazzo”Under the joint efforts of Japanese“Zuoguan”and Taiwanese plasterers to promote research and development, the development has reached a certain peak.