當代雕塑中「道」的精神——以吉塞佩•貝諾內爲例

Daoism of Contemporary Sculpture: A Case Study of Giuseppe Penone

觀念藝術在方興未艾前，吉塞佩．貝諾內已用一種先知「悟道」的超然姿態，將雕塑從自然中解放，他並未追隨當時流行的極限主義或形而上美學藝術觀，而是從個人的生命經驗與歷史中找尋靈感，以感性的田園詩意，與理性的批判邏輯，去重新看待既存之物、有機物或自然的定義，反轉人類對現實世界的慣習，成爲當代藝術啓蒙一個重要的思維。本文以義大利貧窮藝術家吉塞佩．貝諾內雕塑創作爲核心，從他多元面向的作品切入，循著作品的創作脈絡作介紹與分析，去探究在1960年代極限主義美學興盛的時代背景下，貝諾內如何從傳統文化中尋找藝術新的可能，成爲觀念藝術先驅。有鑒於觀看貝諾內的作品，能發現深厚的道家美學與哲思特性，而現今西方學者尙未能以東方哲學觀點深入分析他的東方特質，因此分別藉形神相似的中國樹石盆景藝術與日本庭園藝術爲出發點，探討他作品中自然形式的特質，並且進一步發掘他創作觀念與道家思想的重要關係。以東西方文化的背景和特質，釐清他創作的思想根源，並思考當今藝術創作者如何從自身文化中攝取養分去創造新的可能。

When Conceptual art was not as flourish as how it is today, Giuseppe Penone (1947-) was a prophet already who had liberated sculpture from nature with enlightenment. Instead of following prevailing minimalism or metaphysical art during that period, Giuseppe Penone sought for inspiration through his personal life experiences and poetic sensibility within literature. He not only applied tautology and creative criticism to excavate truth from substance of nature, but also reversed stuffy definition of existence and nothingness. Giuseppe Penone brought enlightenment thinking of contemporary art up. In this paper, I try to analyze the Italian artist Giuseppe Penone who was the youngest member of Arte Povera. As sculpture had always been his core rhythm, I first introduce his multi-oriented sculpture following his sequence of the concept, and then analyze how he became a pioneer of concept art through creating a new possibility from the tradition and the reality in a world of art dominated by flouring minimalism. Secondly, I attempt to study Giuseppe Penone's achievement through connecting it with Daoist aesthetics and Chinese bonsai art. Until now western scholars still couldn't discuss about his art through in-depth perspective of eastern world. We however can find the concept of Daoist aesthetics within his work. Therefore, I try to find the relationship between Daoist aesthetics and his perspective of art. At the end, we could more clearly and deeply understand his outstanding mind by comparing with eastern culture, and find what evokes Concept-Art, Body-Art, and Process-Art. It is possible to inspire eastern artists to furthermore examine their own traditional philosophy in reverse and create possibility of new amazing art.