臺灣客家建築中的雙棟結構與中國古建築中的雙層屋頂

Twin Ridge Beams of Hakkanese Architecture in Taiwan and Double Roofs of Ancient Chinese Architecture

觀察臺灣各地的客家建築，可以發現當今被認為具有客家特色的建築中，仍然保留許多被視為該族群文化特徵的建築空間或構件。其中，雙棟結構作為客家木構造的特色也被保留下來，成為臺灣本島客家建築的一個結構特徵，在眾多的研究與討論中也一再地被強調。本文以臺灣及中國大陸的田野調查與文獻收集為基礎，首先透過比較臺灣的客家建築以及中國大陸的雙棟結構，突顯臺灣客家族群在近代化的過程中，面對建築形式風格、技術和材料的變遷，對雙棟結構和燈梁等建築構件的詮釋與發展，與其被賦予的民俗意義有著密不可分的關係。隨著家族分家和建築技術的近代化，某些客家建築特徵逐漸被遺忘或捨去，也與客家族群生活中，信仰及習俗的變遷有極大關聯。其次，探討古代中國建築的雙層屋頂結構以及相關的木結構型態，討論在江南地區流行的鴛鴦廳等形式。傳統中國建築在構成室內空間時，必須堅持均衡對稱的原則，因而形成一種在整個中國南方建築中常見的裝修手法，客家人居住的粵東、閩西也可以見到雙層屋頂的多種形態。然而雙棟結構是否為雙層屋頂結構退化後之遺留構件的問題，是否可以在這樣的脈絡下進行更進一步的探究。

It could be found that Hakkanese architecture in Taiwan preserved many features of Hakka identity. Twin ridge beams is one of those features, which had been discussed in many treatises. By comparing the twin ridge beam structures in Taiwan and mainland China, and by investigating the architecture of Hakkanese, focus on its modernization. We realized the practice of twin ridge beams must relate to the folk custom of Hakka people. Moreover, double roofs and related wooden structures of ancient Chinese architectures are a kind of interior spatial forms, which shown how traditional Chinese insisted on the principle of harmony and symmetry in indoor space. It became a method of interior design and could be found all over south China. The question of structural degradation between double roofs and twin ridge beams may be made an intensive study in such context.