傳統原住民部落與外在社會的關係探討：以中排灣普濟鹿社為例

Relationship between Traditional Aboriginal Communities and External Societies: Case Study of Central Paiwan Pucunug Village

本文將傳統原住民部落放到歷史舞臺的中央，首次嘗試結合普濟鹿社古文書、關鍵口述歷史、相關舊社的考古學研究之關鍵事證，透過產生更多相關而重要的一手資料，提供新的研究方法與視點，希望能藉以打破目前有關族群的溯源、文化史、文化變遷等研究之困境。尤其是長久以來，在臺灣史的研究中，界外原住民常被置於清國或漢人研究的邊緣，因此本文試著將原住民移至舞臺的中央，從舊社所產生直接證據，來思考傳統原住民部落的文化性格及其與外在社會的關係。普濟鹿社從十六世紀一直到十九世紀末均屬於「生番」的範圍，但是普濟鹿社四百年來並非孤立存在，而是與外在社會持續有所接觸，並取得相當數量的外來物資；且至少在1640 年代以前已和茄藤社、漢人移民等形成了一個跨族群的文化互動圈，包括政治、經濟、社會、文化、語言等多個層面，呈現出緊密的依存關係。此互動圈即便經歷了清國「番界」劃設，亦未被隔離而仍然存在，此可以從上述普濟鹿社中持續出現多量十八至十九世紀的閩粵產陶瓷器等外來物資看出。換言之，大量的中國閩粵產陶瓷器等日用品的出土，和多項漢人等外來影響的要素，反映出普濟鹿社與外界的漢人、「熟番」等的關係，並未因為十七世紀荷蘭「既定條例」或十八至十九世紀清國「番界」的劃設而停止，而是呈現出持續互動的現象，只是這些互動並未真正撼動排灣文化的核心價值。

Focusing on traditional aboriginal communities and in particular, the Pucunug (Pujilu) Village, this paper represents the first attempt at combining ancient documents, key oral histories, and important archaeological evidences from related abandoned communities as crucial first-hand historical materials. Through adopting novel research methods and perspectives, this study aims to overcome current difficulties in tracing the origins, cultural histories and transformation of indigenous ethnic groups in Taiwan. Worthy of note is that in Taiwan history research, aborigines from “outside the realm” have long been marginalized in studies on the Qing dynasty or Han-Chinese. This paper therefore seeks to reposition aborigines at the center of this historical stage and to examine the cultural characteristics of indigenous communities and their relationships with the external societies using direct evidence from their abandoned villages. From the 16th to the late-19th centuries, Pucunug Village was located within the shengfan (unassimilated barbarian) tribal areas. However, it did not exist in isolation for four hundred years but maintained contacts with external societies, from which it obtained considerable amount of imported artifacts. Moreover, before the 1640s it had already established an inter-ethnic sphere engaging in political, economic, social, cultural and linguistic interactions with both Cattia Village and Han-Chinese immigrants, thus creating an intimate interdependence. Even after delineation of the fan-jie (barbarian areas) under Qing rule, this interactive sphere still existed without isolation, as evidenced by the continued discovery at Pucunug Village of large quantities of 18th- and 19th-century imported artifacts such as ceramics from Fujian and Guangdong. In other words, the excavation of these large number of daily-use pottery utensils from China and the external Han-Chinese influence are indicative of persistent relation and interaction of Pucunug Village with Han-Chinese and shou-fan (assimilated barbarians) despite of “Establishment of Regulations” under the 17th-century Dutch colonists or delineation of fan-jie by the Qing court in 18th and 19th centuries. Nevertheless, the core values of Paiwan culture remained unaffected by such continuous interactions.