以語料庫方式研究排灣語的使役結構

A Corpus-based Study of Causative Constructions in Paiwan

本研究從語料庫的角度探討排灣語中使役詞綴（pa-∅-，pa-ka-和pa-pe-）的變異。在Tang（295）的基礎上，本研究繼續探討排灣語使役結構中∅-、ka-和pe-詞綴的使用，並對從語料庫中提取的排灣語使役結構語料進行邏輯迴歸分析。我們的研究表明此三個使役結構之間存在認知上的區別（Verhagen & Kemmer）。迴歸模型的結果支持直接/間接致使二分法的理論，提供了對這些詞綴特徵及詞彙意義的合理解釋。具體而言，詞綴pa-∅-與「直接致使」相關，通常用於涉及無生命參與者的事件中，且起因論旨角色直接導致受使役者的結果狀態。相反地，詞綴pa-ka-與「間接致使」相關，經常出現在有生命參與者的場景，且除了使動者之外，亦有其他一些驅動來源也導致使役事件的發生。詞綴pa-pe-則處於中間位置，偏好與不及物的結果謂語共同出現。此外，本研究亦對排灣語的三個使役前綴與荷蘭語的doen及laten以及中文的使和讓進行了跨語言比較。這些發現不僅使我們對排灣語的使役結構有更全面的認識，同時也為語言類型學中使役結構的普遍性和特殊性提供了更深刻的見解。

This study examines the variation in causative affixes (pa-∅-, pa-ka-, and pa-pe-) in Paiwan using a corpus-based approach. Building on Tang’s (295) identification of the∅-, ka-, and pe- affixes in Paiwan causative constructions, we apply logistic regression analysis to data extracted from corpora. Our research suggests a cognitive distinction among the three causative subtypes (Verhagen & Kemmer). The regression model results support the theory of a direct/indirect causation dichotomy, offering a plausible explanation for the characteristics and lexical meanings of the affixes. Specifically, the affix pa-∅- is associated with“direct causation,”typically used in events involving inanimate participants where the cause directly results in the state of the causee. Conversely, the affix pa-ka- is linked to“indirect causation,”often found in contexts with animate participants and additional contributing forces. The affix pa-pe- occupies an intermediary position, showing a preference for intransitive effected predicates. Additionally, this study conducts a cross-linguistic comparison of the Paiwan causative affixes with the causative verbs doen and laten in Dutch, and shi and rang in Mandarin. These findings enhance our understanding of Paiwan causative constructions and offer insights into the universality and specificity of causative structures in linguistic typology.