上古漢語情態動詞與情態副詞及句末語氣詞共現研究

The Co-occurrence of Modal Verbs, Modal Adverbs, and Sentence-Final Particles in Old Chinese

情態表達說者對語句內容的主觀態度，是語言學研究中的重要課題。上古漢語中，表達情態的語言形式包括情態動詞、情態副詞及句末語氣詞。本文在現有的情態研究基礎上，全面統計上古漢語這三類情態詞共現的情況，以展現上古漢語情態詞使用的整體面貌，同時根據統計結果，分析各類情態詞搭配時的分工情形以及所反映的話語策略。根據本文的分析，上古漢語主要以情態動詞表達說話者對命題的可能性及必然性等主觀態度，與情態動詞搭配的句末語氣詞進一步向受話者傳遞信疑態度以及指認、評斷與情意波動等主觀態度，情態副詞則經常用於調節說話者對語句內容的確認、質疑或表達委婉之意。以委婉表達的方式來達成交際目的是上古漢語最常見的話語策略。

Modality, an important topic within linguistic research, expresses the speaker’s subjective attitude toward the content of an utterance. In Old Chinese, the linguistic forms used to express modality include modal verbs, modal adverbs, and sentence-final particles. Building on existing research on modality, the present article comprehensively examines the co-occurrence of these three types of modal words in Old Chinese to present an overall picture of their usage. Based on statistical results, the article also analyzes the usage, including meaning and syntactic role, of different types of modals when employed in combination, as well as the discourse strategies they reflect. The analysis indicates that Old Chinese primarily uses modal verbs to express the speaker’s subjective attitude toward the possibility and necessity of the proposition; the sentence-final particles that accompany modal verbs further convey the speaker’s attitudes of belief or doubt, as well as identification, judgment, and emotional fluctuations; and modal adverbs are often used to adjust the speaker’s degree of confirmation or of questioning, or to express politeness regarding the content of the sentence. Employing euphemistic expressions to achieve communicative goals is thus the most common discourse strategy in Old Chinese.