歐盟針對超大型數位平台的規範與實踐

The EU’s Regulation and Practice on the Very Large Online Platforms

平臺服務與數位經濟在歐盟扮演一項日漸重要之角色。尤其，超大型線上中介平臺及搜尋引擎公司具備重要守門人特性，扮演管理者角色，對於消費者中介服務近用權、選擇權、隱私權及公平交易等，皆會帶來重大影響，並有導致市場壟斷之潛在風險。法律規範與競爭政策因此在數位服務扮演一項重要角色，以強化消費者保護、企業公平競爭、內部市場的正常運作、數位產業的創新與發展，並建立一個健全及可信任的數位經濟。
歐盟於 2022 年 10 月4 日通過數位服務法（Digital Services Act, DSA），另於 2022 年 7 月 18 日通過數位市場法（Digital Markets Act, DMA）。這 2項法律針對提供核心平臺服務的超大型數位平臺，規定了一個非常完整的法律架構，採取事前監管模式，創新了競爭政策，以建立一個更加開放及安全的數位市場。本文針對歐盟超大型數位平臺及守門人在數位服務法及數位市場法的規定，以及競爭政策在超大型數位平臺公司的實踐，從事研析，同時論證其意涵、特徵與啟示。

The platform services and digital economy play an increasing role in the European Union (EU). Particularly, the very large digital online platform and search engines have the characteristics of gatekeeper and pose the potential risk of leading to market monopoly, and negatively affecting consumer rights, privacy, and fair competition. Therefore, the law and competition play an important role in the development of digital services, so as to strengthen consumer protection, fair competition, sound development of the digital industry, and establish a secure and trusted digital system.
The EU adopted the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) on 4 October 2022 and 18 July 2022 respectively. The DSA fully harmonizes the rules to core platform services in the EU market. The DMA introduces a number of ex-ante regulation model obligations for very large online platform(VLOP) and gatekeepers. These two Acts establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for large digital platforms and gatekeepers, aiming to create a more open and safer digital space based on respect for fundamental rights, consumer protection, fair competition, digital security, and digital sovereignty.This paper analyzes the jurisprudence and practices of the DMA and DSA, as well as their implications for very large online platforms and the EU's competition policy.This paper will focus on the EU's digital strategy and regulation. It adopts the legal interpretation method to analyze the EU's digital service law and digital market law; it adopts the case-study method to explore relevant judicial practice in EU law and EU competition policy. This paper also summarizes some major findings to highlight the specific features, significance and impacts of the EU’s regulation of the large digital platforms and gatekeepers.