重劃文學「本土」的邊界：一九七〇年代新加坡、台灣小說中的工業區與鄉村

The Rise of National and Local Consciousness: Industrial Parks and Rural Areas in 1970s Singaporean and Taiwanese Novels

七○年代，新加坡、台灣歷經政治危機以及在經濟上鑲嵌入新國際分工（New International Division of Labor）而晉身新興工業化國家（Newly Industrialized Countries，簡稱NICs），兩國鄉土小說聚焦國家產業政策下蓬勃發展卻充斥階級衝突的工業區、一級產業經濟凋敝不振以及人口外移的鄉村，這些小說在敘述跨國資本和黨國威權主義如何影響地方的過程中，「本土」、「鄉／國」的輪廓愈來愈清晰。本文第一部分說明兩國可資比較的政治經濟與文學史背景。第二部分援引大衛•哈維（David Harvey）對「階級抗爭反而會產生地方性忠誠」的觀察，闡述崇漢（1945-）與楊青矗（1940-）書寫工業區的小說重劃了文學「本土」的邊界。前者藉由將馬來西亞他者化，投射新加坡自身無法實現的階級革命慾望，區別了新加坡與馬來西亞。後者關心南部工廠的小說書寫乃至親自投身地方選舉的行動，觸發了官方政治分離主義的警鈴。第三部分分析呈向風（1956-）、崇漢以及王拓（1944-2016）、宋澤萊（1952-）小說書寫經濟凋敝鄉村的兩種敘事模式，分別為：「離開家／鄉，放棄原本賴以維生的一級產業」以及「暴露或挑戰家／鄉一級產業不合理的運銷制度」。兩國國內城鄉不均等發展與國際分工經濟體系連動，國家本身不能控制，「家／鄉」不再能安居樂「業」，地方認同反而藉由地方危機加強。

In the 1970s, Singaporean and Taiwanese novels focused on the industrial parks that thrived under national industrial policies but were rife with class conflicts, as well as the rural areas suffering from economic decline in the primary sector and population outmigration. After both countries experienced political crises, they became embedded in a new international division of labor, emerging as newly industrialized countries (NICs). As a result, the narratives in their novels increasingly clarified the consciousness of ''nation'' and ''locality'' in the context of how transnational capitalism and state authoritarianism affected workers' lives. The first part of this article outlines the comparable political economy and literary historical backgrounds of the two countries. The second part references David Harvey's observation that ''class conflict can lead to local loyalties,'' explaining how the novels of Chung Han (1945-) and Yang Ching-Chu (1940-) redefined the literary ''national'' boundaries in their depictions of industrial parks. Chung Han othered Malaysia, projecting Singapore's unfulfilled desire for class revolution and distinguishing Singapore from Malaysia. Yang Ching-Chu's novels focus on the factories in southern Taiwan and his personal involvement in local elections, which has raised suspicions from the Kuomintang government that he supports ''Taiwan independence.'' The third part analyzes the two narrative models presented in the works of Cheng Hsiang-Feng (1956-), Chung Han, Wang To (1944-2016), and Sung Tse-Lai (1952-) that depict economically declining rural areas: ''leaving the countryside and abandoning the primary sector that once sustained them'' and ''exposing or challenging the unreasonable marketing systems of the rural primary sector.'' The uneven development between urban and rural areas in both countries is interconnected with the international division of labor, which the state itself cannot control. The ''home/ country'' can no longer provide a stable livelihood, and local identity is instead reinforced through local crises.