科技時代下之第三方原則──以刑事偵查程序為核心

The Third-Party Doctrine in the Age of Technology: Centering on Criminal Investigation Process

第三方原則認為，當人民自願將其所有之物品或資訊交予第三方時，即應承擔第三方將該物品或資訊再轉交予包含國家之他人的風險，而不得再主張就該物品或資訊擁有可合理期待之隱私。然在科技時代之下，人民在運用資訊設備之過程中將個人資訊交予第三方已屬生活中之常態，若貫徹第三方原則，對人民隱私權之維護可能有所不足。分析後，本文認為因第三方原則之本質在於風險分配，有其正當性，故仍有存在之必要，並提出七項評估要素，以供在科技時代下判斷相關偵查措施是否應適用第三方原則。

The third-party doctrine holds that when people voluntarily hand over their effects or information to a third party, they should bear the risk of the third party transferring the effects or information to others, including the state, and can no longer claim a reasonable expectation of privacy in respect of such effects or information. However, in the age of technology, it is normal for people to hand over their personal information to a third party while using information appliances. If the third-party doctrine is fully implemented, protecting people’s privacy rights may be insufficient. After analysis, this paper holds that because the essence of the third-party doctrine lies in risk allocation, it has legitimacy and is still necessary to exist. This paper also proposes seven evaluation factors to determine whether the third-party doctrine should be applied to investigation measures in the age of technology.