主靜工夫之調和與統攝從劉宗周「內靜外敬」之內隱結構到「誠意」凝照

Harmonization and Integration of Tranquility Skill From the implicit Structure of“Inner Tranquility and Outer Respect”of Liu Zong-Zhou to The Heavenly Reflect of Sincerity

筆者以劉汋對劉蕺山學問之總結：「先君（劉蕺山）始致力於主敬，中操功於慎獨，晚歸本於誠意」作為本文主要論述架構。鑑此，筆者以「主敬」、「慎獨」、「誠意」三面向深入探討劉蕺山如何承繼北宋以來之定靜工夫傳統，並分析「誠意」如何統攝「主敬」、「慎獨」義涵，從而彰顯劉蕺山誠意說足以總結定靜工夫發展之特色所在；繼而在此實踐邏輯還原中，投射出學者實踐劉蕺山誠意工夫之天道內涵。
進一步地說，筆者發現由敬至誠之間，存在著一條隱微之實踐鴻溝。因為根據朱子對程子敬的理解，敬之實踐言之過高，所以並非一般學者可以一觸可幾，故朱子提出克己去欲之配套措施。在此發展脈絡下，我們不能忽略慎獨工夫在劉蕺山工夫論述中對此議題之回應策略。因為研究發現，慎獨工夫確實涵攝主敬概念，同時在涵養獨體過程中所進行之去妄泯私工夫，即是回應周敦頤主靜說之靜存工夫。於是在慎獨具有內靜外敬實踐結構的橋接下，學者便可以在此不賭不聞不自欺之神聖空間，以靜敬辯證實踐模式達到誠的境界。因此可以這麼說，劉蕺山的誠意說是以慎獨之內靜外敬模式，一方面在工夫論發展史上統合了主靜與主敬論爭，另一方面就工夫實踐上，落實了主敬慎獨而應事圓融，靜存誠意而天道貫通之十字實踐系統。

The author adopted the conclusion of Liu Zhuo about the learning of Liu Ji-Shan as the chief argumentation structure of the study,“My predecessor（Liu Ji-Shan）was dedicated to respect, focused on self-discipline, and aimed at sincerity in the end.”In view of this, the author probed profoundly into how Liu Ji-Shan inherited the Dingjing skill and tradition since the Northern Song Dynasty from the three aspects of“respect,”“self-discipline”and“sincerity.”Additionally, the study analyzed how“sincerity”integrated the meanings of“respect”and“self-discipline”to manifest that the sincerity doctrine of Liu Ji-Shan, which could conclude the characteristics of development of the Dingjing skill. Next, the study reflected upon the content of the way of Heaven of Liu Ji-Shan’s sincerity skill by recovering the practical logic.
Furthermore, the author discovered that there was a hardly perceptible practical gap between respect and sincerity. According to the definition of respect made by Cheng Yi andn Cheng Hao, respect did not have any moral option, so it was difficult to guarantee that one could reach the state of sincerity. Therefore, to reasonably comprehend the profound meaning of Liu Ji-Shan’s words, we cannot ignore the transitional role that the self-discipline skill played in the skill argumentation of Liu Ji-Shan. As the study found that the self-discipline skill indeed covered the concept of respect, and that it was a skill that got rid of one’s improper thought and selfish desire while enriching oneself, the skill responded to the Dingjing skill in Zhou Dun-Yi’s tranquility doctrine. As a result, with the transitional effect of self-discipline for the implementation structure of inner tranquility and outer respect, scholars could achieve the state of sincerity with the dialectical and practical mode of tranquility and respect in the sacred space where they did not see and hear anything, or cheat themselves. To sum up, the sincerity doctrine of Liu Ji-Shan followed the inner tranquility and outer respect mode of self-discipline. On the one hand, the development history of the skill doctrine has integrated the argumentation of tranquility and respect. On the other hand, with respect to the practice of the skill, it has implemented the crisscross implementation system that upholds respect and self-discipline to handle things harmoniously, and advocates tranquility and sincerity to have a thorough understanding of the way of Heaven.