論國音字母對民國時期吳語方志音讀記錄的影響

The Influence of Guoyin Zimu on Phonetic Records of the Wu Dialect in Gazetteers during the Republic of China

民國早期的的方志，有以國音字母記其方音者，此與國語運動推行的背景相關，本文以吳語方志為主題，進行語言學史的討論。《川沙縣志》以國音字母說明縣中不同地域、年齡階層的語音情況，但僅以國音字母系統實未能相符其方音特徵。《定海縣志》、《鄞縣通志》則在原國音字母的基礎上增列閏音符號，以表其方言語音。相較於《川沙縣志》，《定海縣志》、《鄞縣通志》的記音體例分明，重視古今音讀的歸納。《鄞縣通志》中的〈鄞縣方音全表〉，更是以韻圖方式記錄鄞縣語音的概貌。諸類吳語方志的體例設計，在方志學史中具有突破意義，可見方志學的發展，對於方音記錄有著一定的影響，諸文獻以國音字母為基進行方音標註，對於後世的吳語研究實有助益。

During the early Republican Era of China under the contexts of the National Language Movement, some authors of local gazetteers adopted guoyin zimu國音字母(national language alphabet) to notate local dialects. The present article takes gazetteers of the Wu吳dialect as a case to expound this phenomenon within linguistic history. In Chuansha xianzhi川沙縣志(Chuansha County Gazetteer), the writer uses guoyin zimu to explain the phonetic systems spoken in different areas and among different age groups in the county, but the notation system proves unable to fully match the characteristics of the dialects in question. In a separate example, based on guoyin zimu, both Dinghai xianzhi定海縣志(Dinghai County Gazetteer) and Yin xian tongzhi鄞縣通志(Yin County Provincial Gazetteer) add phonetic symbols, namely ruyin fuhao閏音符號, to embellish initial sounds, thereby better representing dialect pronunciations. Compared with Chuansha xianzhi, the notation systems adopted in Dinghai xianzhi and Yin xian tongzhi are clearer and focus on drawing conclusions from ancient and modern pronunciation. Furthermore,“Yinxian fangyin quanbiao”鄞縣方音全表(“Comprehensive Table of Yin County Dialects”) in Yin xian tongzhi uses rhyme charts as its method to overview the phonetic systems of Yin County. The above notation systems pertaining to the Wu dialect and their use in related gazetteer writing can be viewed as a breakthrough in the history of the subject; that is, the development of gazetteers influenced the recording of local dialects. Moreover, this literature, with its notations based on guoyin zimu, proves beneficial in our continued research of the Wu dialect.