從地緣政治視角看美國國家智財保護戰略的演變──以「智慧財產執法聯合戰略計畫」為核心

美國國家智財戰略並非單一的國家戰略，而是包括法律、政策與戰略，其涉及廣泛的行政機構和部門，以確保政府的努力集中且協調一致。而國家智財保護戰略主要的目的在保護美國境內與海外的智慧財產權。以往美政府各部門各有不同的智慧財產權政策與執法行動，但在2008年美國國會通過的「智慧財產資源及機構優先法案」（Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act）規定下制定了「智慧財產執法聯合戰略計畫」（Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement）。「智慧財產執法聯合戰略計畫」主要目的重點是協調和發展美國的整體智慧財產執法政策和戰略，促進創新和創造力，並確保國內外有效的智慧產權保護和執法。由於海外智慧財產權的保護不免會受到國際地緣政治因素的影響；因此在最近三位美國總統任內，「聯合戰略計畫」的內容與方向也有所轉變。本文將從美國智慧財產權保護政策與國際地緣政治兩個面向，分析「聯合戰略計畫」的內容與轉變。研究顯示，美國的國家智財權保護戰略，其主要目的在持續強化美國國內外智慧財產權的保護，以及防止來自境外的智慧財產權侵害；但該計畫較其他國家的智財戰略更具有國內外執法的功效，也會因地緣政治變化而進行方向與強度的調整。

The United States’intellectual property strategy is not a separate national strategy, but includes laws, policies and strategies. It involves a broad range of executive branch agencies and departments to ensure that the government’s efforts are focused and well coordinated. The main purpose of the Intellectual Property Protection Strategy is to protect intellectual property rights within the United States and abroad. In the past, various departments of the U.S. government had different intellectual property policies and enforcement actions. However, under the“Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act”passed by the U.S. Congress in 2008, the“Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement”was formulated. The main purpose of the“Joint Strategic Plan for Intellectual Property Enforcement”is focused on coordinating and developing the United States’overall intellectual property enforcement policy and strategy, to promote innovation and creativity, and to ensure effective intellectual property protection and enforcement domestically and abroad. The protection of international intellectual property rights will inevitably be affected by geopolitical factors; therefore, during the terms of the last three US presidents, the content and direction of the“Joint Strategic Plan”have also changed in different years. This article analyzes the content and changes of the“Joint Strategic Plan”in different years from the two aspects of intellectual property rights protection policies and geopolitics. The results show that the“Joint Strategic Plan”will be adjusted its directions and intensity due to geopolitical changes.