北客的歲時民俗調查～以新屋、楊梅為例

A Survey of the Folklore of the Yearly Customs of North Taiwan Hakka Village - Take Xinwu and Yangmei as Examples

基於過去在台灣各地進行田野調查時，我們發現由臺灣北部遷移到外地的客家人之間，似乎有著相似的歲時民俗，因此我們希望能夠瞭解他們在臺灣北部的原鄉歲時民俗現況究竟如何，與南部客家聚落是否有差異。本研究分成幾個階段，從2017年起，我們利用Google街景針對桃園市客家人口比例最高的新屋區、楊梅區進行調查，針對三合院建築觀察是否有可見的五福紙，由此規劃實際田野調查與訪談的路線。第二階段從2019年起至2022年，我們針對新屋區與楊梅區三合院較多的「里」進行了田野調查與結構式訪談，最後對兩區10個里，19座三合院，26位客家民眾搜集了相關訪談資料。
調查發現在我們所研究的幾項歲時民俗中，居住於新屋、楊梅的客家民眾與遷移至外地的北部客家民眾相似，但卻與南部的客家聚落頗為不同；新屋、楊梅的客家民眾在除夕子時、「天公生」都維持拜天公的習俗，這一點仍相當普遍但其他的歲時民俗卻幾乎已經消失，而南部客家聚落在某些歲時民俗上，卻比我們所調查的聚落更為常見、普遍。本文最後針對北部與南部客家聚落在這些歲時民俗上的差異做了若干討論，並對民俗活動在人類文化上的意義提出我們的看法。

Based on our previous fieldwork in various parts of Taiwan, we found that Hakka people who migrated from northern Taiwan seem to have similar yearly folk customs among themselves. Therefore, we hope to understand how their yearly folk customs in their native villages in north Taiwan are now, and whether they differ from those of Hakka settlements in south Taiwan. In this study, we divided into several phases. From 2017, we used Google Street View to conduct a survey in Xinwu and Yangmei districts, which have the highest percentage of Hakka population in Taoyuan City, to observe whether there is visible Wufu paper in Sanheyuan buildings, and thus plan the route of the actual field survey and interviews. In the second phase, from 2019 to 2022, we conducted field surveys and structured interviews in ''vil'' where there are more Sanheyuan in Xinwu and Yangmei districts.
The survey found that, among the several yearly folk customs we studied, the Hakka people living in Xinwu and Yangmei are similar to the Hakka people in the north who have migrated to other areas, but are quite different from the Hakka settlements in the south Taiwan. The Hakka people in Xinwu and Yangmei maintain the custom of worshipping the Taingong at Zi time of the Lunar New Year's Eve and at the birthday of Taingong, which is still quite common, but other yearly folk customs have almost disappeared. In the southern Hakka tribes, however, some folk customs are more common and widespread than in the tribes we surveyed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the differences between the north and south Hakka settlements, and offers our views on the significance of folkloric activities in human culture.