十九世紀道教的日本跨域傳播與實踐──以平田篤胤玄學的三皇天柱五嶽宇宙觀為例

Transregional Dissemination and Practice of Daoism in Nineteenth-Century Japan: Hirata Atsutane’s Cosmological Worldview

平田篤胤堪稱日本最精通道教經典的國學家，其「玄學」道統明顯體現了這一點，不僅涵蓋智識思想，也包含儀式實踐。
篤胤試圖復古日本神道，將三皇神仙及五嶽仙境之以演為日本本土之，形成一以日本為萬國中心的本土化宇宙觀。其將道教三皇觀念巧妙融入日本的創世神話，並將道教海內外五嶽的概念轉化為日本本土的大小五嶽，並以天柱象徵日本開天闢地神話之柱「天瓊矛」，構建出獨具特色的「和漢三皇天柱五嶽宇宙」。其自號「大豁先生」，亦與大東嶽位於日本的思想有關。
篤胤終其一生致力於尋覓三皇文與五嶽圖的古本，累年蒐集得數十種圖本，甚至囊括中國未見的珍稀異本，亦悉備兩系統的五嶽圖；不僅辨析真偽，也博通古今相關知識，《五嶽真形圖》與《天柱五嶽餘論》即是其殫精竭慮之作。《圖》更被視為平田家祕傳的「內書」，不輕易外傳。傳授實踐上，三皇文與五嶽圖同列玄學道統傳授之首，相較於篤胤所立不立束脩，稱只傳授「篤志絕倫之上士」之原則，實際傳授推廣的平田銕胤則採取彈性做法，有時也酌收費用。
本文旨在深入探討平田篤胤玄學思想中的三皇天柱五嶽宇宙地理觀，並首度揭示多項珍貴史料，以證實伊吹舍在知識傳承與儀式實踐中的關鍵作用，研究涵蓋以崩字書寫的侯文斷簡及各種史料的全新詮釋。雖然篤胤援引道教的初衷是借助漢山之石以復興日本來神道之志，然其用功之深、傳播之廣，影響所及已完全超越江任何一位道教學者，故篤胤的玄學思想及實踐體系是道教在世界史跨域接受最佳的例證，亦是東亞宗教交流中不可忽視的重要一環。

The gengaku玄學doctrine of Hirata Atsutane平田篤胤(1776-1843), who is often regarded as the most adroit kokugaku國學scholar in the Daoist classics in Japan, illustrates his proficiency by incorporating knowledge, philosophical thought, and ritual practices.
Hirata Atsutane attempted to restore Japanese Shintoism and translate both the Three Sovereigns and Daoist Immortals三皇神仙and the Five Sacred Peaks of the Immortal Realm五嶽仙境into local Japanese thought, thereby establishing a localized cosmological view that situated Japan as the center of the world. The Daoist concept of the Three Sovereigns was thus artfully integrated into Japanese creation mythology, and likewise, the Five Sacred Peaks were broadened to include both domestic and foreign mountains; moreover, Ame nuhoko天瓊矛, the heavenly jeweled spear related to the Pillar of Heaven天柱within Japanese creation mythology, was the third element adopted to further form his unique worldview. His self-given name, Daikatsu sensei大豁先生, is thus notably associated with the ideology of the Great Eastern Peak大東嶽in Japan.
Hirata Atsutane devoted his life to gathering and meticulously verifying ancient texts on the Three Sovereigns and maps of the Five Sacred Peaks, accumulating dozens of volumes and collecting images from two distinct systems, including rare works not even found in China. Aside from examining their veracity, he gained knowledge from both ancient and contemporary sources. Gogakushinkeizusetsu五嶽真形圖說and Tencyūgogakuyoron天柱五嶽餘論became his representative works, with the former being regarded as an esoteric“inner text”內書. Works and teachings on the Five Sacred Peaks religious rites therein were not readily circulated, with Hirata Atsutane even restricting their transmission to only those deemed naturally gifted. His successor, Hirata Kanetane平田銕胤(1799-1880), however, played a crucial role in their propagation, sometimes even charging fees for access to the knowledge.
This article explores Hirata Atsutane’s cosmological view centered on the Three Sovereigns, the Pillar of Heaven, and the Five Sacred Peaks, while also being the first study to use rare historical materials to verify the key role the Hirata family academy, Ibukisho伊吹舍, played in the transmission of knowledge and ritual practices. Beyond adopting specific elements of Daoist thought with the goal of restoring Japanese Shintoism, his efforts created a new transregional understanding of Daoism, even translating and circulating various rituals in the process. In addition to his influence on his contemporaries, Hirata Atsutane is a noteworthy example of the transregional reception of Daoism within world history as well as East Asian religious exchanges.